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2022年11月30日星期三
马斯克:推特“干预了选举”
来自ZeroHedge
2022 年 11 月 30 日中午 12:07
马斯克称这是“显而易见的现实”
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巴里斯-奥泽/盖蒂
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推特所有者埃隆·马斯克周三证实了每个拥有两个功能正常的脑细胞和智力诚实的人都已经知道的事情; 这家社交媒体巨头“干预了选举”。
在对 路透社 一篇文章的讨论中,该公司的前信任和安全负责人表示 Twitter 在马斯克的领导下“不安全”,用户@EvaFoxU 发帖称:“ Twitter 在过去 10 年中表现出不安全,并且已经失去了用户' 相信。 过去的“信任和安全”团队是一种耻辱,因此它没有任何权利来判断现在所做的事情,”并补充说,“他们有机会,但他们将自己的灵魂卖给了一家公司。”

马斯克回答说:“没错。正如长期用户所知,显而易见的现实是 Twitter 在很长一段时间内在信任和安全方面都失败了,并且干涉了选举。”
马斯克随后表示,“Twitter 2.0 将更加有效、透明和公平。”
Musk’s comments come days after he agreed with formerly banned news personality Alex Lorusso that releasing Twitter’s internal discussions about the decision to censor the Hunter Biden laptop story right before the 2020 US election is “necessary to restore public trust.”
As we noted last week, the Post had its Twitter account locked in October 2020 for reporting on the now-confirmed-to-be-real “laptop from hell,” which contains unprosecuted evidence of foreign influence peddling through then-Vice President Joe Biden – including a meeting between Joe and an executive of Ukrainian gas giant Burisma, in 2015.
The laptop contained caches of emails detailing business dealings with Burisma and state-owned CEFC China Energy Co, from which his firms received $4.8 million in wire transfer payments from its founder, Ye Jianming, according to a Senate report. -Daily Caller
Twitter had restricted any user from sharing links of the Post‘s coverage, both publicly or via direct message – while the social media giant also locked out former White House spox Kayleigh McEnany’s personal account, as well as former President Trump’s campaign account, for sharing the link.
In the ensuing years, the authenticity of the laptop has been confirmed by both the Washington Post and the New York Times, while CBS News authenticated the laptop on Monday.
‘Incredibly Inappropriate’
As the Epoch Times noted on Tuesday;
Musk in April spoke out in opposition to Twitter’s decision to temporarily suspend New York Post’s Twitter account.
“Suspending the Twitter account of a major news organization for publishing a truthful story was obviously incredibly inappropriate,” Musk said in April, responding to a post about the Hunter Biden laptop story.
Musk, who took over Twitter in late October, has vowed to make the platform into a politically unbiased bastion of free speech.
He said in an open letter following his acquisition of Twitter that he bought it because “it is important to the future of civilization to have a common digital town square, where a wide range of beliefs can be debated in a healthy manner, without resorting to violence.”
“There is currently great danger that social media will splinter into far right wing and far left-wing echo chambers that generate more hate and divide our society,” Musk added.
Indeed:
Left-wing radicals are attempting to destroy Alex Jones via the court system! Please help Alex by making a donation to his legal defense at Saveinfowars.com to keep him in the fight! Don't let the NWO be successful with their latest weapon against Free Speech!
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马斯克:推特“干预了选举”
习近平自述
中国领导人想要什么——以及如何阻止他得到它
作者:Matt Pottinger、Matthew Johnson 和 David Feith
2022 年 11 月 30 日

中国国家主席习近平在北京发表讲话后,2022 年 10 月
王廷舒/路透社
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10 月,在中国共产党 (CCP) 的第 20 次全国代表大会上,习近平总书记将自己确立为自毛泽东以来中国最强大的领导人的下一个十年,用一大批忠诚者取代了他最精通经济知识的政治局同事,并将斯大林-毛泽东主义的“斗争”概念作为党章的指导原则。其效果是翻开了“改革开放”的一页,中共用这个词来描述始于 70 年代后期并导致中国经济在过去四十年爆炸式增长的经济自由化。
在党代会上,习近平第三次连任中共最高领导人——这是当代前所未有的发展,也是他努力集权的关键一步。但也许更重要的是大会将习近平在过去十年中在精心制作的官方党内通讯中发展的世界观编纂成法典的方式:中文演讲、纪录片和教科书,其中许多北京故意为外国观众误译,当它完全翻译它们时。这些文本消除了掩盖该政权目标和方法的大部分模糊性,并提供了了解习近平意识形态和动机的窗口:对颠覆的深深恐惧、对美国的敌意、对俄罗斯的同情、统一中国大陆和台湾的愿望,最重要的是,对共产主义最终战胜资本主义西方的信心。他所追求的最终状态需要重塑全球治理。他的明确目标是用以北京为核心的新秩序取代现代民族国家体系。
诚然,与莫斯科一样,北京的抱负可能比其实际能够实现的更大。但习近平,就像他形容为他“最好、最亲密的朋友”俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔普京一样,似乎并不相信他的影响力超出了他的控制范围。世界各地的政策制定者都应该注意这一点。
随时了解情况。
每周提供深入分析。
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最好现在就通过协调一致的军事威慑和严格限制中国获取美国及其盟友控制的技术、资本和数据来约束和缓和习近平的愿望,而不是等到他采取了决定性的、不可逆转的步骤,例如攻击台湾,那将导致超级大国冲突。乌克兰战争不断提醒人们,威慑远比“倒退”好。
拜登政府最近采取措施限制习近平使中国成为世界主要半导体制造商的努力——北京在电信设备、太阳能电池板、先进电池和其他关键领域已经取得的地位——标志着美国战略的重要演变。如果国会、白宫和美国盟友迅速采取类似措施,维持中国对其他工业化国家的依赖,这可能会削弱习近平日益增长的风险偏好。
协调一致的行动也具有道义上的必要性,最近几天在中国几个城市爆发的街头抗议活动凸显了这一点,因为人们对带有习近平签名的严厉反 COVID 措施感到愤怒。如果示威势头愈演愈烈,从他的一些更不祥的言论来看,习近平的反应可能会很严厉。无论如何,民主国家应该更多地站在中国人民一边,为他们在中国国内外提供更安全的沟通方式。
满嘴的木屑
阅读中共文件可能是一种残酷的练习。已故的西方最有洞察力的中国观察家之一西蒙·莱斯 (Simon Leys) 将其比作“一桶一桶地吞木屑”。阅读“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想”作为领导人的官方意识形态,也不例外。北京的许多言论,尤其是针对外国观众的言论,都是令人困惑和模棱两可的。但习近平最具启发性的言论并不是他在达沃斯或在玫瑰园站在美国总统身边时发表的言论。相反,他在向中共最高领导人发表讲话时最为犀利。这些作为对党的忠实信徒的指导的讲话,有时会保密数月或数年,然后才会出现在中文出版物上。但正如莱斯所理解的那样,
习近平的文本反映了他的继承,作为一长串共产主义理论家和领导人中最新的一位,他们沉浸在类似的学说、传统和理想的最终状态中。马克思、列宁、斯大林、毛泽东都可以在习近平思想的文字和精神上看到。习近平并不像一些分析人士认为的那样,与他的更直接的前任有过根本的背离;他的抱负与提拔他的党内抱负大体一致。
然而,这并不是说中共老板可以互换。领导力在列宁主义体系中与在任何其他体系中一样重要。习近平的个人印记遍布北京目前的做法,即使他期望的最终状态与他的前任一致。中国批评家嘲笑他是“伟大的加速器”,声称他正在加速党对权力的垄断的最终消亡。他的拥护者可能会同意他是一个加速器——但在他们眼中,他正在加速实现党的长期目标的进程。无论哪种方式,不可否认的是,如果一个人要了解中国的发展方向和原因,习近平是最重要的观察者和阅读者。
习近平似乎不相信他的影响力超出了他的能力范围。
了解习近平的一个关键是看他对历史的解释。众所周知,普京曾宣称苏联解体是二十世纪最大的地缘政治灾难。不太清楚的是,苏联解体在多大程度上也困扰着习近平,以及它如何作为中国领导人行动的基本指南。
2012 年 12 月,就任总书记后不久,习近平向广东省干部发表了闭门讲话,其节选在 2013 年初被一名中国记者泄露和发表。进入他的世界观的窗口:
苏联为什么解体?苏共为什么会垮台?一个重要的原因是他们的理想信念动摇了。. . . 这对我们来说是一个深刻的教训!否定苏联和苏共的历史,否定列宁、斯大林,否定一切,就是搞历史虚无主义,混淆思想,破坏党的各级组织。
习提到的“历史虚无主义”可能是对苏联领导人尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫的含蓄批评,后者曾指责前任的记录。但习近平讲话中明显的反派是米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫,这位苏联领导人的改革(重组)和公开(开放)改革为苏联的解体奠定了基础。“有几个人想救苏联,”习近平说。“他们抓住了戈尔巴乔夫,但几天之内又发生了逆转,因为他们没有独裁统治的工具。没有人足够勇敢地站起来反抗。” “专政的工具”一词——党尤其是其最高领导人必须控制军队、安全机构、宣传、政府数据、意识形态和经济——在习近平的演讲中一再出现未来十年的演讲和官方指导。

一扇门,上面贴着 2022 年 10 月在北京举行的第 20 次党代表大会的海报
王廷舒/路透社
一个月后,即 2013 年 1 月,习近平向由中国数百名最高级别官员组成的中共中央委员会新委员和候补委员发表了另一次讲话,实际上是一次就职演说。这篇保密了六年的讲话显示了习近平用冷战时期借用的术语指导党国:
有些人认为共产主义可望而不可及,甚至认为不可企及,不可设想,完全是一种幻想。. . . 事实一再告诉我们,马克思、恩格斯对资本主义社会基本矛盾的分析没有过时,历史唯物主义认为资本主义必然灭亡、社会主义必然胜利的观点也没有过时。这是社会历史发展的大势所趋,但道路曲折。资本主义最终灭亡,社会主义最终胜利,必然是一个漫长的历史过程。
三个月后,即 2013 年 4 月,中央委员会发布了 9 号文件,这是一份对党内干部的内部指示,被证明是习时代的奠基性文件——其系统性和战略性的视野,对中国的进程产生了巨大影响。中国治理,深深地敌视西方和西方思想。一直保密到2013年夏天泄露给海外中文媒体,9号文件的正式名称是《关于当前意识形态领域的公报》。它讲述了一个毫不含糊的故事:西方国家密谋渗透、颠覆和推翻中共,所以党必须铲除西方的“错误思潮”,包括宪政民主、西方价值观的普世观念、公民社会的观念、经济新自由主义,新闻独立,对党的历史版本的挑战,以及对党的“改革开放”议程的不同解读。“面对这些威胁,”9号文件告诫说,“不能放松警惕,不能放松警惕。”
苏联解体困扰着习近平,并成为他行动的基本指南。
9号文件还警告了“颜色革命”。这个词起源于本世纪头十年,当时前苏联国家发生的一系列反独裁民众起义被赋予了丰富多彩的名字,包括格鲁吉亚的玫瑰革命(2003 年)、乌克兰的橙色革命(2004 年)和吉尔吉斯斯坦的郁金香革命(2005 年) . 北京开始使用这个词来唤起西方煽动颠覆的无处不在的幽灵。正如9号文件所说,“西方反华势力”将永远“把洋务化、分裂和‘颜色革命’的矛头指向我国”。
In late 2013, Xi required party leaders at all levels to watch a six-part documentary titled “A 20-Year Memorial for the Soviet Loss of Party and Country.” This “internal educational reference film” attributed the Soviet collapse to deep problems within the Soviet Communist Party, including its inability to manage political and economic infiltration and corruption that it blamed on the United States. The film was jointly produced by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the party’s internal loyalty enforcer.
The same year, Beijing’s National Defense University produced a separate documentary, Silent Contest, that was distributed by several party and state organs. The film similarly used the Soviet collapse to rail against the “world strategy” of the United States. This was the opening line of Silent Contest: “The process of China’s realization of the great undertaking of national rejuvenation must ultimately follow from testing and struggle against the system of American hegemony.” Later, the film shows a clip of Putin delivering his now famous remark that the Soviet collapse was a geopolitical catastrophe.
WHEN WATER BECOMES ICE
Xi’s decision-making can be understood only with reference to Marxist-Leninist theory. In Marxist dialectics, history moves inexorably toward its utopian destination “step by step,” accumulating “quantitative increases that culminate in a qualitative leap,” as Xi explained, paraphrasing Mao, in a speech delivered to high-ranking cadres in January 2021 and published in April 2021.
Mao, in turn, was paraphrasing Joseph Stalin’s rendering of Friedrich Engels’s theories about the application of the laws of physics to the processes of societal development. According to Engels, as quoted in Stalin’s 1938 Short Course on the History of the Bolsheviks, this process of change is akin to water heating or freezing:
The temperature of water has at first no effect on its liquid state; but as the temperature of liquid water rises or falls, a moment arrives when this state of cohesion changes and the water is converted in one case into steam and in the other into ice.
In the Short Course—the most widely published book in the Soviet Union during Stalin’s rule and, as the China expert John Garnaut has pointed out, the closest thing to a religious text in 1950s China—Stalin and his co-authors explain that this “science of history” helps the enlightened see patterns and great trends where others might see only “a jumble of accidents and . . . absurd mistakes.”
Xi believes that we are today witnessing a “qualitative leap” in world affairs, where China has moved to center stage and the U.S.-anchored Western order is breaking down. As Xi said in his speech published in April 2021:
The world today is undergoing a great change in situation unseen in a century. Since the most recent period, the most important characteristic of the world is, in a word, “chaos,” and this trend appears likely to continue.

New Politburo Standing Committee members Xi Jinping, Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Wang Huning, Cai Qi, Ding Xuexiang, and Li Xi in Beijing, October 2022
Tingshu Wang / Reuters
Xi depicts the current historical period as one of great risk and opportunity. It is his “historical mission” to exploit the inflection point and push history along its inexorable course through a process of “struggle,” which includes identifying internal and external enemies, isolating them, and mobilizing the party and its acolytes against them.
Xi expanded on these ideas in an impassioned address to the Sixth Plenum meeting of Communist Party leaders in November 2021, lauding Mao’s 1950 decision to send “volunteers” across the Yalu River into Korea to fight the U.S. and UN forces commanded by U.S. General Douglas MacArthur.
Comrade Mao Zedong, with the . . . strategic foresight of “by starting with one punch, one hundred punches will be avoided,” and the determination and bravery of “do not hesitate to ruin the country internally in order to build it anew,” made the historical policy decision to resist America and aid Korea and protect the nation, avoid the dangerous situation of invaders camping at the gates, and defend the security of New China.
Xi’s speech made an equally strong endorsement of the CCP’s “decisive measures” to crush the student protests at Tiananmen Square in 1989 and withstand “the pressure of Western countries’ so-called sanctions” that followed. This saved the party, in Xi’s telling, and today “the CCP, the People’s Republic of China, and the Chinese nation have the most reason to be self-confident” of any “political party, country, or nation” in the world. The statements leave little doubt that Xi would be willing to adopt “decisive measures” again today if less violent means to disperse demonstrations failed.
Like many of Xi’s most aggressive and important statements, his Sixth Plenum speech was initially kept secret. It was delivered behind closed doors and published in Qiushi magazine nearly two months later. The CCP does not appear to have published an official English translation of it, and the speech was all but ignored by Western news outlets.
But just over a year later, its implications have become clear: regardless of near-term economic considerations for China, Xi is being guided by ideology and his firmly held diagnosis that the West is declining and that Beijing, led forcefully by Xi himself, must take risks and act decisively to assert new spheres of influence and build a world conducive to Marxist autocracy.
MARXIST MEANS AND ENDS
Xi Jinping Thought makes clear that Marxism is not just the means to achieving global supremacy but also the goal of that supremacy. “Karl Marx dedicated his entire life to overthrowing the old world and establishing a new world,” Xi said in 2018 while presiding over Marx’s 200th birthday celebration in Beijing—an event surrounded by weeks of propaganda and publications timed to establish Xi as the designated heir to Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and Mao. Xi called the German theorist “the greatest thinker in human history” and decreed that “Marxism is not to be kept hidden in books. It was created in order to change the destiny of human history.”
This phrasing evoked a major foreign policy initiative that Xi has embraced called “A Community of Common Destiny for Mankind,” which aims to shape the global environment in ways favorable to Beijing’s authoritarian model. (The ominous-sounding term “common destiny” is often misleadingly translated by the CCP into the more anodyne English phrase “shared future.”) Xi’s 2018 speech made clear that the initiative and Marx’s vision of a stateless, collectivized world are linked.
“Just like Marx, we must struggle for communism our entire lives,” Xi said. “A collectivized world is just there, over [the horizon]. Whoever rejects that world will be rejected by the world.”
Ian Easton, an American researcher, discovered a recent set of People’s Liberation Army textbooks focused on Xi’s ideology that elaborate further on the link between Xi’s foreign policy and global communism. These books, edited by top educators and administrators at National Defense University and labeled as “internal teaching materials” for senior military officers, can be taken as authoritative. In China, the military is subordinate to the party, not to the state, and ideological training figures heavily in the education of officers. Xi has described the National Defense University as “an important base” for training China’s officer corps.
Xi called Karl Marx “the greatest thinker in human history.”
Passages from the textbooks, cited in Easton’s 2022 book, The Final Struggle: Inside China’s Global Strategy, underscore the idea that overturning U.S. leadership around the globe is only one phase of Xi’s plan. Xi also seeks to upend the concept of equal and sovereign states that emerged from Europe four centuries ago and is the cornerstone of international relations, according to the texts. As one of them, Strategic Support for Achieving the Great Chinese Rejuvenation, explains:
The Westphalian System was founded on the notion of a balance of power. But it has proven unable to achieve a stable world order. All mankind needs a new order that surpasses and supplants the balance of power. Today, the age in which a few strong Western powers could work together to decide world affairs is already gone and will not come back. A new world order is now under construction that will surpass and supplant the Westphalian System.
This and the other textbooks leave no doubt that the system that replaces the 1648 Treaties of Westphalia must be the socialist model made in China. “As we push for the fusion of the world’s civilizations on the basis of developing our nation’s unique civilization, there are several things that must be done,” reads one passage. “[We] must insist on taking the road of development with Chinese cultural characteristics. . . . And we must insist on our principles and our bottom line as we actively engage with others.”
Another passage states: “The Community of Common Destiny for Mankind will mold the interests of the Chinese people and those of the world’s people together.” At another point, that same text makes clear who has decreed this approach: “Xi Jinping has emphasized that our state’s ideology and social system are fundamentally incompatible with the West. Xi has said ‘This determines that our struggle and contest with Western countries is irreconcilable, so it will inevitably be long, complicated, and sometimes even very sharp.’” The textbook’s authors evidently took the term “very sharp” to mean violent. As the book continues: “To use war to protect our national interests is not in contradiction with peaceful development. Actually, such is a manifestation of Marxist strategy.”
In the meantime, the book advocates weaponizing economic dependence and greed: “We must gain a grip on foreign government leaders and their business elites by encouraging our companies to invest in their local economies.”
STRUGGLE SESSION
Xi further codified this view of China’s mission at the party congress in October, as he adjusted official language to match his vision and made personnel changes to reflect his control of the CCP and the preeminence of his thinking. One way in which this was achieved was through an act of editing: Xi led the congress in unanimously voting to insert the word “struggle” into the Party Charter in several more places. These changes were missed by some foreign observers, perhaps because the CCP’s English-language propaganda selectively mistranslated the word “struggle,” using euphemisms such as “persistent hard work.” But the term now rivals references to “reform and opening” in the charter, signaling that Beijing’s focus will now be even more on confronting perceived enemies at home and abroad and less on growing the economy.
The personnel changes at the top of the party suggest much the same. In a difficult-to-parse sequence of events during the proceedings, Xi’s elderly predecessor Hu Jintao was removed, seemingly against his will, from his seat next to Xi on a dais in the Great Hall of the People. That might have been passed off as clumsy choreography or perhaps as a response to some medical issue. But soon afterward, Xi dumped all three of Hu’s allies from the Politburo, replaced them with personal loyalists, and elevated military industrialists and security-apparatus officials in place of officials with national-level economic experience. These changes made Hu’s removal appear more like a public humiliation.
Xi’s picks to lead the military—the two vice chairs of the Central Military Commission, of which Xi himself is chair—further signal his disruptive geopolitical ambitions. Xi reappointed Zhang Youxia as first vice chair, despite Zhang’s advanced age (72), which put him well past typical retirement age. (Zhang’s father fought side by side with Xi’s in China’s civil war.)
For the second vice-chair seat, Xi selected He Weidong, a 65-year-old with a focus on joint operations and experience on China’s contested frontiers. He commanded ground forces in China’s west during a period of high tension (and some bloodshed) with India, then led the Taiwan-focused eastern theater, where he oversaw a dress rehearsal for war following U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s visit to the island in August. But to become vice chair, he required a double promotion.
In short, Xi’s new leadership team appears tailormade for “the spirit of struggle” and for the “high winds and waves” and “stormy seas of a major test” that he referred to in his work report to the Party Congress. One wonders whether he had Taiwan in mind when he chose those particular words.
WARMING UP TO “CONSTRAINMENT”
In May, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken gave a major address laying out the Biden administration’s China policy. “We are not looking for conflict or a new cold war,” Blinken asserted in his speech. “To the contrary, we’re determined to avoid both.”
The Biden administration avoids using the Cold War term “containment” to describe its approach to China, and Blinken did not use that term in his speech. But what he described echoes the successful approach Washington adopted in its contest with the Soviet Union. As one senior American official explained in a briefing to preview Blinken’s speech, U.S. policy is focused on “constraining Beijing’s ability to engage in coercive practices.” Washington seeks to work with allies to “leverage our collective strength” and “close off vulnerabilities that China is able to exploit.” Blinken summed it up in these terms in his address: “We cannot rely on Beijing to change its trajectory. So we will shape the strategic environment around Beijing to advance our vision for an open, inclusive international system.”
This is not quite containment, but it bears a family resemblance. “Constrainment” is the term that one of us (Pottinger) has used to describe it. A policy of constrainment, unlike containment, accounts for the current realities of economic interdependence and seeks to tilt them to Washington’s advantage. Constrainment should seek to puncture Beijing’s confidence that it can achieve its aims through war and sap Beijing’s optimism that it can decisively accumulate coercive economic leverage over the United States and other democracies.
The Biden administration avoids using the term “containment” to describe its approach to China.
Putin’s belief that western Europe had become too dependent on Russian energy to meaningfully oppose his armored assault on Kyiv appears to have been a significant factor in his decision to re-invade Ukraine. Xi is working to acquire similar coercive leverage—what he calls the “powerful countermeasure” of “international production chains’ dependence on China”—in semiconductor manufacturing and other high-tech inputs to the global economy. An allied constrainment policy would avoid falling into this trap, as well as extricate the United States where it has already stumbled into one. Washington and its allies must adopt, in essence, the opposite of Germany’s corporatist, antistrategic foreign policy that tethered European prosperity to the whims of adversarial “Führer states,” to borrow Wolfgang Ischinger and Sebastian Turner’s apt phrase.
Rules regarding semiconductors that the Biden administration issued in October take an important step in the right direction. Beijing currently must import hundreds of billions of dollars’ worth of chips annually—a dependence that Washington should work to sustain. The most important elements of the new rules are limits on the export of chip-making equipment and U.S. skilled labor to China. If enforced diligently, the rules will foil Xi’s ambition to make China the world’s largest chipmaker and erode its goal of commanding the high-tech supply chains of its trade partners.
That dynamic is the essence of constrainment, which should strive to maintain a favorable balance of dependence in a wide range of areas. A policy of constrainment should, for example, strengthen the dominance of the U.S. dollar as a global reserve and trading currency, extending Washington’s ability to monitor and punish money laundering, weapons proliferation, bribery, and other dangerous actions by Beijing. Constrainment should remind Beijing of its dependence on foreign sources of food and energy while reversing the United States’ growing reliance on Chinese batteries, solar panels, and other “green” technology.
TikTok represents a potentially powerful instrument for censorship and mass manipulation.
Constrainment would also rectify the lead Beijing has, incredibly, opened over the United States in global Internet governance and control of information and data flows. The fact that ByteDance, a Chinese company, controls TikTok—the fastest growing news and video content outlet in the United States—represents a potentially grave failure by Washington to protect democracy and free speech. TikTok’s algorithms, whose source code Beijing has restricted from being transferred out of China, could be modified to suppress or amplify content according to the CCP’s preferences, which would give China the ability to influence the views of tens of millions of Americans. Zhang Fuping, who serves as editor in chief of ByteDance, is also the secretary of the company’s Communist Party Committee, tasked with ensuring the company’s alignment with the CCP’s interests. According to a report in Sina Finance, at a meeting in 2018, Zhang declared that the company should “‘take the lead’ across ‘all product lines and business lines’ to ensure that the algorithm is informed by the ‘correct political direction’ and ‘values.’” And according to a report in Taiwan News, in 2019, ByteDance signed an agreement with the Ministry of Public Security’s Press and Publicity Bureau pledging to boost “network influence and online discourse power” and enhance “public security propaganda, guidance, influence, and credibility.”
TikTok and other content apps based in China or owned by Chinese firms represent potentially powerful instruments for censorship and mass manipulation; Washington should ban their use, just as India’s government has wisely done. If the CCP wants to influence international audiences, it should have to depend on digital platforms domiciled in, regulated by, and accountable to democracies.
The contest between democracies and China will increasingly turn on the balance of dependence; whichever side depends least on the other will have the advantage. Reducing Washington’s dependence, and increasing Beijing’s, can help constrain Xi’s appetite for risk. When coupled with U.S. cooperation with Australia, Japan, and Taiwan to field an unmistakably superior and well-coordinated military presence in the western Pacific, constrainment offers the best way to prevent the “stormy seas of a major test” that Xi seems tempted to undertake as he begins his second decade as China’s dictator.
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MATT POTTINGER is a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution and Chair of the China program at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies. He served as U.S. Deputy National Security Adviser from 2019 to 2021.
MATTHEW JOHNSON is a Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution.
DAVID FEITH is an Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. From 2017 to 2021, he served on the Policy Planning Staff of the U.S. State Department and then as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia.
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清零给中国经济带来沉重代价:高失业率、增长远低于预期China Protests Over ‘Zero Covid’ Follow Months of Economic PainDAISUKE WAKABAYASHI, OLIVIA WANG, JOY DONG2022年11月30日
周日,在抗议者前一天晚上聚集的上海一个地区,警力非常密集。 THE NEW YORK TIMESThe toll of China’s unwavering approach to fighting Covid has rippled through the world’s second-largest economy for months: Youth unemployment reached a record 20 percent, corporate profits sagged, and economic growth fell well below Beijing’s own projections.
几个月来,中国毫不动摇的新冠防疫方法所造成的代价已对世界第二大经济体产生广泛影响:青年失业率达到创纪录的20%,企业利润下滑,经济增长远低于北京自己的预测。
The economic pain has intensified the pressure to ease pandemic restrictions to salvage the flagging economy and restore some semblance of normal life. Frustration with the government’s zero-tolerance Covid strategy, which has failed to prevent a big jump in cases, escalated over the weekend as a population tired of unpredictable lockdowns, extended quarantines and mass testing erupted into protests. Smaller, scattered demonstrations continued on Monday.
经济痛苦加大了放松疫情限制以挽救萎靡不振的经济,并在一定程度上恢复正常生活的压力。人们对政府的“清零”策略感到失望,该策略未能阻止病例的大幅增加,上周末,对无法预测的封锁、延长的隔离和大规模检测感到厌倦的民众发起了抗议。周一,规模较小、分散的示威活动仍在继续。
The current Covid outbreak, the most widespread since the start of the pandemic in 2020, has painted Xi Jinping, China’s president, into a corner. He has refused to budge on the government’s strict Covid approach. If he loosens restrictions and infections skyrocket, there is the risk of mass casualties and an overwhelmed health care system. But keeping the current policies in place and limiting infections with widespread lockdowns would inflict further damage to an already slowing economy.
目前的新冠暴发是自2020年大流行开始以来最广泛的一次,这使中国国家主席习近平陷入困境。他一直拒绝在政府严格的“清零”措施方面让步。如果他放松限制,感染率急剧上升,就有可能出现大规模死亡和医疗系统不堪重负的情况。但保持目前的政策,以广泛的封锁来限制感染,将对已经放缓的经济造成进一步的损害。
周一,上海的新冠病毒检测。 ALY SONG/REUTERS“The government has no good options at this point,” said Mark Williams, chief Asia economist for Capital Economics, a research firm. “Whatever they do, it’s hard to see how there won’t be significant restrictions imposed across large parts of the country, which is going to have a huge impact on weakening the economy.”
“政府目前没有好的选择,”研究公司凯投宏观的首席亚洲经济学家马克·威廉姆斯说。“无论他们做什么,很难想象不会给这个国家的很大一片地区造成严重制约,这会给经济带来严重的削弱 。”
More than 80 cities in China are now battling infections compared with 50 cities in the spring, when a smaller surge of infections prompted an eight-week lockdown in Shanghai and set the economy on its slowest pace of annual growth in decades. These cities account for half of China’s economic activity and ship 90 percent of its exports, according to Capital Economics.
中国目前有80多个城市正在与感染作斗争,而春季时是50个城市,当时规模较小的感染激增促使上海实施了为期八周的封锁,并使经济增速降至几十年来的最低水平。凯投宏观的数据显示,这些城市占中国经济活动的一半,出口占中国出口的90%。
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Earlier this month, China announced plans to ease some pandemic policies, fueling speculation that it was the beginning of a transition to phase out its “zero-Covid” policy, much to the delight of investors who sent shares of Chinese companies soaring. But as the number of infections rose, the government reverted to a familiar playbook and held firm to what it has said all along: China is trying to eradicate Covid, not learning to live with it.
本月早些时候,中国宣布放松一些疫情政策的计划,引发了人们的猜测,认为这是逐步退出“清零”政策的开始,这让投资者感到高兴,推动中国公司的股价飙升。但随着感染人数的上升,政府恢复了熟悉的手段,并坚持其一直以来的说法:中国正在努力消除新冠病毒,而不是学习与其共存。
In a series of editorials in state media starting on Sunday, Beijing said that China still needed to “maintain strategic focus” in combating Covid, but it urged officials around the country to avoid extreme measures such as blocking fire exits or barricading communal doors during quarantine. It stressed the need for local officials to adhere to policy tweaks meant to “optimize” existing Covid policies and limit disruptions to people and businesses.
从周日开始,在官方媒体的一系列社论中,北京表示,中国仍然需要“保持战略定力”抗击新冠疫情,但它敦促全国各地的官员避免在隔离期间采取封锁消防出口或堵住公用大门等极端措施。其中强调地方官员需要坚持政策调整,以便“优化”现有的新冠政策,限制对个人和企业的干扰。
Even so, the authorities on Monday night deployed additional security to discourage another night of protests.
尽管如此,周一晚上,当局还是部署了额外的安全措施,以阻止抗议活动再次发生。
周一,在北京举行的反对中国严格“清零”政策的抗议活动中,警察拉起了警戒线。 KEVIN FRAYER/GETTY IMAGESThe growing unrest has threatened to jeopardize China’s hard-earned reputation as the world’s factory floor. Last week, workers upset about unpaid Covid bonuses and poor quarantine protocols rioted and clashed with police at a Chinese factory where Taiwanese contract manufacturer Foxconn produces more than half of the world’s iPhones.
不断加剧的动荡可能危及中国来之不易的“世界工厂”声誉。上周,在台湾承包制造商富士康生产全球一半以上iPhone的中国代工厂,工人们对未支付的疫情补贴和糟糕的隔离措施感到不满,与警方发生冲突。
Andrew Fennell, an analyst who oversees China’s government credit ratings for Fitch, said the country’s uncompromising approach has “weighed heavily on the economy and elevated social tensions.” He said that he expects Beijing to relax the most restrictive measures under its zero-tolerance approach, such as citywide lockdowns, in 2023, but that many restrictions will remain in place because of relatively low vaccination rates among the elderly in China.
惠誉负责中国政府信用评级的分析师安德鲁·芬内尔表示,中国不妥协的做法“给经济带来了沉重压力,加剧了社会紧张局势”。他说,他预计北京将在2023年放松其“清零”政策下最严格的措施,如全市封锁,但由于中国老年人的疫苗接种率相对较低,许多限制措施将继续存在。
In a reflection of those low rates, China said on Tuesday that it would increase efforts to vaccinate its oldest citizens, a move experts see as a crucial precursor to reopening the economy.
由于最年长公民的低疫苗接种率,中国周二表示将加紧为这个群体接种疫苗。专家认为,此举是重新开放经济的一个重要前兆。
Goldman Sachs estimated in a note on Monday that there was a 30 percent chance that China would abandon “zero Covid” before April as the central government is forced to “choose between more lockdowns and more Covid outbreaks.”
高盛周一在一份报告中估计,由于中央政府被迫“在更多封锁和更多疫情之间做出选择”,中国在4月之前放弃“清零”的可能性为30%。
上周发布在社交媒体上的视频显示,富士康郑州iPhone工厂的工人与防暴警察发生冲突。 VIA AFP— GETTY; VIA REUTERS; VIA AFP— GETTYAfter the initial outbreak of Covid in 2020, China’s economy bounced back quickly. While the rest of the world remained in lockdown, China’s hard-line approach to keeping the coronavirus in check worked well and its economy roared to life. In particular, exports were a bright spot as Chinese factories manufactured many of the products that the rest of the world bought online during isolation. Last year, China’s economy grew by an impressive 8 percent.
经过2020年最早的一波新冠疫情后,中国经济迅速反弹。在世界其他国家仍处于封锁状态的时候,中国控制新冠病毒的强硬措施取得了良好效果,中国经济迅速复苏。出口是一个特别的亮点,因为世界其他国家隔离期间在网上购买的许多产品都是中国工厂生产的。去年,中国经济增长了惊人的8%。
Currently, many of China’s biggest trading partners are staring at a possible recession from runaway inflation, rising interest rates, and the war in Ukraine. Domestically, the usually reliable pillars of real estate and high technology have fallen on hard times, and making more credit available to businesses has not jumpstarted the economy.
目前,由于通胀失控、利率上升以及乌克兰战争,中国的许多最大贸易伙伴都面临着可能的衰退。在国内,房地产和高科技等通常可靠的支柱已经陷入困境,向企业提供更多信贷也未能推动经济增长。
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For small businesses, the recent outbreak is already sapping demand.
对于小企业来说,最近的疫情已经在削弱需求。
Cai Zhikang, a cake shop owner in Shenzhen, said corporate customers, the main source of his business, are starting to cancel orders more frequently. He said that a customer had scrapped a large corporate catering order exceeding $500 on Monday, a day after residents in the city in southeastern China staged a protest there over some of the latest restrictions.
深圳一家蛋糕店的店主蔡志康(音)说,企业客户是他业务的主要来源,他们开始更频繁地取消订单。他表示,周一,一名顾客取消了一份超过3500元的大型企业餐饮订单。一天前,这座中国东南部城市的居民针对最新的一些限制措施举行了抗议。
11月,在中国深圳的下沙村,一名送餐员骑车经过被关闭的商店。由于多次封锁,这里的许多企业要么停业,要么搬迁。 QILAI SHEN FOR THE NEW YORK TIMESMr. Cai, 28, said that each wave of infections had brought more austerity from corporate customers who cut back on spending for employee treats to preserve their budgets. He said that he was also forced to close his shop for a month when Shenzhen imposed restrictions on the park where he operates his store. There is no point, he added, in planning ahead anymore because everything is dependent on whether Covid is spreading or not.
28岁的蔡志康说,每一波感染都让企业客户更加节俭,他们削减了员工的福利支出以保持预算。他说,当深圳对他开店的园区实施限制时,他的店还曾被迫关闭一个月。他还说,现在提前计划已经没有意义了,因为一切都取决于新冠是否在传播。
“If there is no Covid, I can definitely earn. When there is Covid, I cannot,” Mr. Cai said.
“如果没有新冠,我肯定能赚钱。有疫情的时候就做不到。”
The impact has also spread to larger companies. A decline in overall profits at China’s industrial firms accelerated in October, according to the National Bureau of Statistics. Profit in China’s 41 industrial sectors fell by 3 percent in the January to October period, a steeper decline compared with a 2.3 percent slide in January to September, numbers released on Sunday indicate.
这种影响还波及到更大的公司。根据国家统计局的数据,中国工业企业的总体利润在10月份加速下降。周日发布的数据显示,今年1月至10月,中国41个工业部门的利润下降了3%,与1月至9月的2.3%相比,降幅更大。
China’s initial success in containing Covid started to crumble this year with the spread of the more infectious Omicron variant. The government projected a modest 5.5 percent growth for 2022 in March, several weeks before a sharp rise in infections pushed Shanghai into lockdown and brought the economy to a grinding halt. A series of smaller subsequent outbreaks has continued to test the limits of China’s zero-tolerance strategy, putting the government’s economic growth target out of reach.
今年,随着更具传染性的奥密克戎变异株的传播,中国在控制新冠方面最初的成功开始崩溃。政府今年3月预测,2022年中国经济将有5.5%的适度增长。几周后,感染人数急剧上升迫使上海进入封锁状态,经济陷入停滞。随后发生的一系列规模较小的疫情继续考验着中国“清零”战略的极限,使政府的经济增长目标无法实现。
周一,上海在发生对新冠限制的抗议之后在路边设置了屏障。 HECTOR RETAMAL/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGESOn Monday, Nomura, a Japanese brokerage, cut its forecast for fourth-quarter economic growth to 2.4 percent from an earlier estimate of 2.8 percent, citing “a slow, painful and bumpy road to reopening.” It also lowered its gross domestic product prediction for 2023 to a 4 percent increase from a previous estimate of 4.3 percent.
周一,日本券商野村证券将其对第四季度经济增长的预期从此前的2.8%下调至2.4%,理由是“重新开放的道路缓慢、痛苦且坎坷”。它还将2023年的国内生产总值增长预期从此前的4.3%下调至4%。
A slowdown in the economy is already apparent to Emma Wang, 39, who owns a store selling handbags and suitcases in a shopping mall in Langzhong, a city in Sichuan Province where there are a handful of infections.
对39岁的艾玛·王(音)来说,经济放缓已经很明显。她在四川阆中的一个购物中心有一间店铺,出售手提包和行李箱,该市的感染人数不多。
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When she opened her store two years ago, business was steady and profitable. But more recently, people have started avoiding malls even though the city is not under lockdown. She is considering moving her business online to sell off her inventory.
两年前她开店时,生意稳定,利润丰厚。但最近,人们开始避开购物中心,尽管这座城市没有被封锁。她正在考虑将自己的业务转移到网上,以便卖出库存。
“In the pandemic, there are no customers,” said Ms. Wang. “It’s difficult to sell even one bag.”
“疫情期间没有顾客,”艾玛·王说。“一个包都卖不出去。”
周一,新冠疫情下,北京的一个购物中心。 TINGSHU WANG/REUTERSCompounding the problems for the mother of two is that her husband, who works for a food manufacturer whose business also has been disrupted, has not been paid by his employer for a few months.
让这位两个孩子的母亲更加头疼的是,她的丈夫在一家食品制造商工作,其业务也被打乱了,雇主已经有几个月没给他发工资。
“We have a mortgage and credit card loans,” she said. “The situation is not improving and it really upsets me.”
“我们有抵押贷款和信用卡贷款,”她说。“情况没有改善,这真的让我很不安。”
Daisuke Wakabayashi是时报驻亚洲商业记者,常驻首尔。欢迎在Twitter上关注他:@daiwaka。
Joy Dong负责报道大陆和香港新闻,她常驻香港。欢迎在Twitter上关注她:@JoyDongHK。
翻译:纽约时报中文网
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中共前最高领导人江泽民去世,享年96岁Jiang Zemin, Leader Who Guided China Into Global Market, Dies at 96储百亮, MICHAEL WINES2022年11月30日
1998年,江泽民在香港。作为中国的领导人,江泽民所积累的影响力在他正式退休后仍持续了很长时间,使他在挑选现任领导人习近平时有很大发言权。ROBYN BECK/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGESJiang Zemin, the Shanghai Communist kingpin who was handpicked to lead China after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and presided over a decade of meteoric economic growth, died on Wednesday. He was 96.
上海帮共产党大佬江泽民周三逝世,享年96岁。江泽民在1989年天安门事件之后被选拔为中国领导人,他在任的10年里,中国经济经历了飞速的增长。
A Communist Party announcement issued by Chinese state media said he died in Shanghai of leukemia and multiple organ failure.
中国官方媒体发布的一份共产党公告称,他因白血病和多脏器功能衰竭在上海逝世。
His death and the memorial ceremonies to follow come at a delicate moment in China, where the ruling Communist Party is confronting a wave of widespread protests against its pandemic controls, a nationwide surge of political opposition unseen since the Tiananmen movement of Mr. Jiang’s time.
他的逝世及即将举办的追悼会恰逢中国一个微妙的时刻,目前执政的共产党正在面对一波针对疫情封控措施的广泛抗议,全国各地政治反对意见激增,这是自江泽民时代的天安门运动以来从未有过的。
Mr. Jiang was president of China for a decade from 1993. In the eyes of many foreign politicians, Mr. Jiang was the garrulous, disarming exception to the mold of stiff, unsmiling Chinese leaders. He was the Communist who would quote Lincoln, proclaim his love for Hollywood films and burst into songs like “Love Me Tender.”
江泽民自1993年起担任国家主席。在许多外国政治人物的眼中,他风趣健谈,容易使人放下戒心,那种风格在历届不苟言笑、僵硬划一的中国领导人中是个例外。他是那种会引用林肯名言,承认喜爱好莱坞电影,会即兴唱起猫王的《温柔地爱我》的共产党人。
Less enthralled Chinese called him a “flowerpot,” likening him to a frivolous ornament, and mocking his quirky vanities. In his later years young fans celebrated him, tongue-in-cheek, with the nickname “toad.” But Mr. Jiang’s unexpected rise and quirks led others to underestimate him, and over 13 years as Communist Party general secretary he matured into a wily politician who vanquished a succession of rivals.
对他好感和兴趣较少的中国人叫他“花瓶”,把他比作一件华而不实的装饰品,嘲笑他的烦文虚饰。晚年的江泽民被青年拥趸戏称为“蛤蛤”。但是,江泽民意料之外的上位和他与众不同的个性让其他人低估了他。在作为中共总书记的13年内,他成长为一名老谋深算的政客,打败了一个又一个对手。
Mr. Jiang’s stewardship of the capitalist transformation that had begun under Deng Xiaoping was one of his signal accomplishments. He also amassed political influence that endured long past his formal retirement, giving him a big say behind the scenes in picking the current president, Xi Jinping.
江泽民领导了邓小平时代开启的资本主义转型,这可以说是他的标志性成就之一。他还积聚了极大的政治影响力,在正式退休之后很多年,其影响力仍然不减。在选拔现任领导人习近平的过程中,他在幕后有极大的发言权。
2015年,中国国家主席习近平和他的前任江泽民(中)、胡锦涛(右)在天安门广场的阅兵式上。AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES“This idea that he was a buffoon somehow crept into the descriptions of him,” said J. Stapleton Roy, the United States ambassador to China from 1991 to 1995. “I always found that absurd. This was not a lightweight in terms of knowing how to maneuver within the political thickets at the top of China’s leadership.”
“有种观念认为他就是一个小丑,这种想法潜移默化地进入了对他这个人的描述,”1991到1995年任美国驻华大使的芮效俭(J. Stapleton Roy)说。“我始终觉得很荒唐。他很清楚如何在中国高层的政治丛林中穿行,这绝不是一个简单的人物。”
In a meeting with former Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger in July 2013, Mr. Jiang endorsed Mr. Xi as a “strong” leader. But Mr. Jiang’s own first years as leader were dogged by hesitancy and vulnerability after he was catapulted to the top of the Communist Party.
2013年7月会晤美国前国务卿亨利·阿尔弗雷德·基辛格(Henry Alfred Kissinger)时,江泽民称习近平是个“能干”的领导人。然而,在骤然跻身中共权力顶峰之后最初的几年,江泽民本人始终无法摆脱犹疑不决和易被攻击的困扰。
At first he tried to mollify ascendant conservatives who opposed China’s tentative steps toward a market economy. But ultimately he pushed to open the economy to the outside world even after Mr. Deng’s health and power had waned.
起初,他试图安抚崛起的保守派,这一派反对中国试探性地转向市场经济。但最终,他推动中国经济对外开放,即使在邓小平健康状况和权力都开始衰落之后,也坚持了这个方向。
Under Mr. Jiang, China emerged as a major manufacturing power and as a rising economic rival to the developed world.
江泽民时期,中国成为一个制造大国,也成为发达国家的一个正在崛起的经济对手。
Relations with the United States proved rocky during his tenure, particularly early on, when the carnage of 1989 cast a long shadow. But Mr. Jiang may be viewed in hindsight as a pragmatist. Unlike his successors in the Communist Party, he seemed convinced that China could not thrive for long as an adversary of the United States.
他执政期间,中国与美国的关系大起大落,特别是在最初几年,1989年的天安门屠杀留下了一道长长的阴影。但回头来看,江泽民可算是一个实用主义者。他不像他的几位前任,他似乎认定,中国若与美国为敌,将不能长久繁荣。
“He always put heavy primacy on the U.S. relationship, and I think he took some risks to advance the relationship,” said Christopher K. Johnson, a senior fellow at the Asia Society Policy Institute’s Center for China Analysis. Mr. Johnson, a C.I.A. analyst when Mr. Jiang was in power, added: “He knew how to flip the anti-U.S. switch when he had to.”
“他始终优先考虑与美国的关系,我认为他在推动两国关系中还冒过一些风险,”美国亚洲协会政策研究院中国问题中心的高级研究员克里斯多夫·K·约翰逊说。“他知道怎样根据需要随时打开或关上反美的开关。”江泽民执政时期,约翰逊是一名中央情报局分析师。
1999年,贝尔格莱德,被北约导弹击中的中国大使馆。 ASSOCIATED PRESSWhen American-guided bombs hit the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in 1999, killing three Chinese journalists during the breakup of Yugoslavia, Mr. Jiang rejected the Clinton administration’s explanation that the bombing was an accident.
1999年,南斯拉夫解体期间,美国导弹袭击中国驻贝尔格莱德大使馆,致三名中国记者死亡。克林顿政府解释那是误炸,江泽民拒绝接受那个说法。
And in a standoff in 2001, he demanded that the United States shoulder full responsibility for a collision between a Chinese fighter jet and a propeller-driven American surveillance plane. The collision caused the death of the Chinese pilot and an emergency landing of the American plane on Hainan, a southern Chinese island, where its crew was detained.
2001年,中美再次对抗。他要求美国为中国战机与美国螺旋桨式侦察机相撞一事承担全部责任。那次碰撞导致一名中国飞行员死亡,美国飞机在海南迫降,飞行员被捕。
But it was not a coincidence that Mr. Jiang’s years in office were the golden age of China’s embrace of globalization. He won China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in late 2001 after years of contentious negotiations, primarily with the United States. And he overhauled Communist Party doctrine, modernizing a movement rooted in the working classes and peasantry into one that courted and co-opted intellectuals and an emerging business elite.
但江泽民执政时期也是中国拥抱全球化的黄金时期,这并非偶然。经过数年艰苦谈判(主要是中美之间),中国在2001年末加入了世界贸易组织。而且,他还改造了中共的理念,让一个植根于工农阶级的政治运动现代化,使其变得欢迎和吸收知识分子与新兴商业精英。
His critics in China and abroad viewed these steps as little more than tacking with the political winds. And in truth, Mr. Jiang’s pro-market leanings commingled with an intolerance of dissent. After members of the Falun Gong spiritual sect surrounded the Communist Party headquarters in protest in April 1999, Mr. Jiang pressed for mass detentions, which set the pattern for later rounds of repression and for an increasingly powerful security state.
中国和外界的批评者说,这些做法不过是政治上的见风使舵。不错,江泽民倾向市场的态度与他对异见的不容忍是相融为一的。1999年4月,法轮功成员在中南海聚众抗议,江泽民下令大规模抓人,为后来的多次政治迫害开出了先例,也成为日后一个更为强大的安保国家的开端。
“How could it be that the Falun Gong just appeared?” Mr. Jiang exclaimed, according to a 2005 biography by Robert Lawrence Kuhn, who had Mr. Jiang’s implicit cooperation. “Where was our Ministry of Public Security? Where was our Ministry of State Security?”
“法轮功怎么会在一夜之间突然冒出来?”根据罗伯特·劳伦斯·库恩2005年出版的江泽民传记,他曾大声质问:“我们的公安部门在哪里?我们的安全部门在哪里?”
Rising From the Tumult
从混乱中崛起
Mr. Jiang will forever be known first as the man party elders plucked out of relative obscurity in 1989 when they were preparing to order the armed suppression of student protests based in Tiananmen Square. His hasty elevation to the pinnacle of China’s Communist Party led many to believe that his time there might well be brief and unremarkable. Even Mr. Jiang thought so.
江泽民首先被人们记住的,永远会是1989年被党内大佬从默默无闻中提拔起来的那段经历。当时,中共做好了准备,将派军队镇压天安门广场的学生运动。他的地位迅速提升至中共权力顶峰,这让很多人相信,他在中共的领导地位可能也不会长久,不会有什么出众之处。就连江泽民本人也这么想。
1989年,北京,数以千计的人聚集在天安门广场进行支持民主的集会。 SADAYUKI MIKAMI/ASSOCIATED PRESS“I had no intention of heading the whole country,” he told Mike Wallace on “60 Minutes” in 2000. “I hoped that a more capable candidate would take the job.”
2000年在《60分钟》节目上,他告诉麦克·华莱士:“我完全无意领导整个国家。我曾希望一个更有能力的候选人会担任这份工作。”
Acting outside normal party rules, Mr. Deng and a handful of retired elders decided to replace the party general secretary, Zhao Ziyang, who had resisted authorizing the use of armed force against the students. Mr. Zhao spent the rest of his life under house arrest, dying in 2005.
邓小平和其他几位中共元老打破党的既有规则,罢黜了总书记赵紫阳。赵曾反对下令军队镇压学生,他的余生在软禁中度过,2005年逝世。
For his replacement, Mr. Deng looked to Shanghai, where Mr. Jiang, the city’s party secretary, had tamed student protests without bloodshed.
邓小平在上海物色接替者。任上海市委书记的江泽民在那里控制住了学生示威活动,没有发生流血事件。
“This fellow Jiang Zemin has ideas, ability and also has charisma,” Mr. Deng said at a meeting in May 1989, according to an account by Li Peng, the prime minister at the time.
据当时任国务院总理的李鹏回忆,1989年5月的一次会上,邓小平说:“江泽民这个人有想法,有能力,也有魅力。”
Jiang Zemin (his given name, Zemin, roughly means “benefit the people”) was born on Aug. 17, 1926, in Yangzhou, an ancient Yangtze River city northwest of Shanghai.
江泽民(他的名字有惠泽人民的意思)于1926年8月17日出生在扬州。那是一座长江边的古城,位于上海的西北面。
His father, Jiang Shijun, was an accountant in an electric power company and then a manager of a ferry company. His mother, Wu Yueqing, came from a farming family. Two of his uncles were activists in the Communist movement against the Nationalist government, and after one was killed in a skirmish in 1939, the young Mr. Jiang was designated the successor of the uncle’s family.
他的父亲江世俊曾是一家电气公司的会计,后来成为一个渡轮公司的经理。他的母亲吴月清出身农民家庭。他的两位叔父参加了反抗国民党政府的共产主义运动,1939年其中一位叔父遇袭身亡后,年幼的江泽民被过继到他家成为嗣子。
Mr. Jiang joined the Communist Party in 1946 in Shanghai, where he studied electrical engineering and learned English. His first job was as a technician for a company founded by American investors that made Pretty Girl ice cream and other frozen treats. When the Communists took power in 1949, Mr. Jiang helped put the factory under party control and change the name of the ice cream to Bright. That feat won the attention of a party figure, Wang Daohan, who would become a lifelong patron of Mr. Jiang’s.
江泽民于1946年在上海加入中国共产党,当时他在那里读电气工程专业,并学了英语。他的第一份工作是在一家由美国人投资创办的公司作技术员,公司的产品包括美女牌棒冰及其他一些冷饮。1949年中共掌权后,工厂在江泽民的协助下被共产党接管,并将产品更名为“光明牌”。这项成绩引起了党内人物汪道涵的注意,此人后来一直是江泽民的支持者。
Even in old age, Mr. Jiang liked to sing English-language tunes remembered from his cosmopolitan youth, including one called “Moonlight and Shadows,” from the 1936 Hollywood movie “The Jungle Princess.”
江泽民一直到晚年都喜欢唱英文歌,缅怀自己放眼世界的青春岁月,其中包括出自1936年好莱坞电影《丛林公主》(The Jungle Princess)的《月光与影子》(Moonlight and Shadows)。
1992年,中国玉泉山,时任中国国家主席江泽民与夫人王冶坪。 XINHUA, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESSIn 1951, Mr. Jiang married Wang Yeping, a fellow native of Yangzhou, and they had two sons: Jiang Mianheng, who became an electrical engineer, a business executive and the president of a science institute; and Jiang Miankang, who also became an engineer-turned-businessman and government official.
1951年,江泽民与同为扬州人的王冶坪结婚,两人育有二子:江绵恒和江绵康,前者后来成为一名电气工程师、企业高管和科技大学校长;后者也是从工程师转行的商人和政府官员。
Mr. Jiang rose through the industrial bureaucracy, working for a while in the 1950s at the Stalin Automobile Works in Moscow and spending a year as a diplomat in Romania, where he picked up folk tunes that he would sing for visitors decades later.
江泽民在工业系统内逐步升迁,1950年代曾在莫斯科的斯大林汽车厂工作,还作为外交人员在罗马尼亚待过一年,他在那里学会了一些日后会唱给来访宾客听的民谣。
After China began opening up from the late 1970s, Mr. Jiang was promoted to a foreign investment and trade commission that helped establish special economic zones in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces. The experience gave him an early taste of the political and bureaucratic hurdles that market reforms faced. He was selected as mayor of Shanghai in 1985, giving him ties to the incipient commercial boom in coastal regions.
1970年代末中国开始改革开放后,江泽民被提拔到一个外国投资和贸易委员会,参与创建广东和福建的经济特区。这段经历让他初次领略市场改革会遇到的政治和官僚障碍。他在1985年被任命为上海市长,让他在沿海地区刚刚出现的商业繁荣之中获得了人脉。
Mr. Jiang was promoted to Shanghai party secretary, the city’s top job, and then to the national party’s ruling body, the Politburo, in 1987. Two years later, when student protests rocked the nation, Shanghai avoided widespread bloodshed.
江泽民于1987年被提拔为上海市委书记,继而进入中共领导机构政治局。两年后学生抗议活动震动全国之时,上海成功地避免了流血。
Mr. Jiang’s loyalty and his distance from the violence in Beijing were powerful factors in his favor, the scholar Bruce Gilley wrote in his 1998 biography of Mr. Jiang, “Tiger on the Brink.” Yet it was unclear at the start whether Mr. Jiang would be much more than a caretaker until a permanent leader was found.
学者杜林(Bruce Gilley)在1998年出版的江泽民传记《悬崖上的老虎》(Tiger on the Brink)中说,江泽民的忠诚,加之与北京的暴力局面保持了一定距离,让他占据了很大优势。然而他的地位在一开始并不明朗,有人觉得在确定正式的领导人选之前,他只是一个临时的角色。
Tilting Toward Capitalism
倾向资本主义
Lacking a political base, Mr. Jiang went along with the party’s conservative tilt after 1989. He took a tough stance against dissent, deeming stability the nation’s top priority, even rivaling Mr. Deng’s economic transformation. And he endorsed policies that pointed toward a reassertion of party control over economic life.
缺乏政治后台的江在1989年后偏向了保守派。他对异见人士采取强硬立场,认为稳定是国家的头等大事,甚至可与邓小平的经济改革相提并论。他支持加强党对经济生活的控制。
“When Jiang Zemin first came to power, he didn’t have his own power and needed to rely on the elders,” said Yang Jisheng, a Beijing historian whose works include a political history of China under reform. “The elders were divided, and Jiang Zemin was trying to please both sides, but he ended up displeasing Deng Xiaoping.”
“江泽民刚上台的时候没有自己的势力,需要倚仗老同志,”著有一部改革年代中国政治史的北京史学家杨继绳说。“老同志也是分两派的,江泽民两边都想讨好,但最后得罪了邓小平。”
Mr. Deng, elderly but still powerful, increasingly worried that his legacy of economic liberalization would be destroyed by an ideological backlash, and he rebuked Mr. Jiang publicly in 1992 by barnstorming China’s south coast, the cradle of economic reform, complaining that China’s transformation was stalling.
年事已高但仍掌握着权力的邓小平越来越担心,自己的经济自由化成就会毁于一场意识形态运动,他在1992年前往南方沿海的经济改革发源地巡视,公开表达了对江的不满,认为中国的改革步伐太过缓慢。
Mr. Jiang “said that 1992 was the hardest year of his life,” Mr. Kuhn, his biographer, said in an interview.
江泽民“曾说过,1992年是他人生最艰难的一年”,他的传记作者库恩在一次采访中说。
Getting the message that his patron was chafing for change, Mr. Jiang embraced China’s state-managed capitalism. Zhu Rongji, his successor as Shanghai mayor and an economic reformer, had been brought to Beijing months earlier to buttress Mr. Jiang. He became the point man for Mr. Deng’s market liberalization as deputy prime minister and later as prime minister.
江泽民听懂了老领导那里传来的需要做出改变的呼声,开始全面拥抱国家资本主义。朱熔基是他之后的上海市长,也是一位经济领域的改革家,那之前几个月被调到北京以辅助江泽民。在先后担任副总理和总理的过程中,朱镕基成了邓小平的市场自由化运动先锋。
Mr. Jiang wooed foreign investors, hosting the chief executives of multinational companies at Zhongnanhai, the Chinese leadership compound in Beijing. He encouraged major foreign-Chinese joint ventures, helping to transform the country into a primary global base for companies making pharmaceuticals, computers, automobiles and much more. He steered many billions of dollars in state investments toward China’s east coast cities, notably his political power base of Shanghai, creating first-world metropolises that impressed visitors.
江泽民向外国投资者示好,在其领导人居住地中南海接待了跨国公司的首席执行官们。他鼓励建立大型中外合资企业,从而帮助将中国变成了制药、电脑、汽车等领域的全球主要生产基地。他向中国东海岸城市做出了数以十亿美元计的巨额国家投资,特别是他的政治权力基地上海,创造了一个第一世界大都会,给来访者留下深刻印象。
As Mr. Jiang grew comfortable in power, he sought to sell China’s system and himself in a freewheeling manner that his successors would abhor. When President Bill Clinton visited China in 1998, Mr. Jiang broke with customary caution and allowed a joint news conference to be broadcast live on Chinese television. The two presidents parried over human rights and Tibet.
随着权力变得越来越巩固,他试图用一种无羁无束的方式推销中国的制度,以及他自己,而他的继任者们对此相当反感 。当克林顿总统在1998年访华时,江主席放弃了一贯的谨慎小心,在中国电视上直播了联合新闻发布会。两国领导人当时就人权和西藏问题展开舌战。
1998年,天安门广场一场欢迎仪式上的克林顿总统与江泽民。 VINCENT THIAN/ASSOCIATED PRESS“You could see that he wanted to be thought of as somebody who was not the sort of retrograde, Leninist leader clinging to his notes,” said the journalist Orville Schell, who was on Mr. Clinton’s trip and who is now director of the Center on U.S.-China Relations at the Asia Society in New York. “He wanted China to emerge out of the chrysalis of its isolation.”
“你可以看到,他不想被认为是一个陈腐的列宁主义领导人,谨慎地去照本宣科,”当年曾和克林顿总统同行的记者奥维尔·谢尔(Orville Schell)说。“他希望中国从封闭孤立中走出来。”谢尔现在是纽约亚洲协会美中关系中心的主任。
Overcoming passionate objections by party hard-liners, Mr. Jiang and Mr. Zhu shepherded China into full membership in the World Trade Organization, giving it increased access to global markets and, in principle, ensuring that foreign businesses would have greater access to Chinese markets. It was perhaps the most crucial act in a long struggle to bring China into the international arena.
江泽民和朱镕基克服了党内强硬派激烈的反对意见,让中国成为了世界贸易组织的正式成员,从而拓宽了该国进入全球市场的道路,并在原则上确保外国企业能够更顺畅地走进中国市场。这或许是中国奋力走上国际舞台的漫长过程中最重要的事件。
China’s economy took off, and the country produced its first millionaires, then billionaires. It fell to Mr. Zhu, with fiscal instincts that Mr. Jiang lacked, to douse the economic excesses of the 1990s.
此后,中国的经济起飞,该国产生了第一批百万富豪,然后是亿万富豪。朱镕基拥有江泽民所缺少的经济嗅觉,正是他浇灭了九十年代经济无理性发展的大火。
“He was comfortable letting Zhu Rongji do the dirty work, but he was backing Zhu Rongji,” said Mr. Roy, the former ambassador.
“他乐于让朱镕基做那些费力麻烦的工作,但他也向朱镕基提供了支持,”前任大使罗伊说。
For the Communist Party, prosperity brought another problem: how to find a new doctrinal footing amid growing affluence and inequality. Mr. Jiang’s response — one of his most important political accomplishments — was the theory of the Three Represents.
对共产党来说,繁荣带来了另一个问题:如何在日益提升的财富和不平等之间找到新的意识形态立足点。江泽民对此的回应是他最重要的政治成就之一,即“三个代表”理论。
It was a call for the party to represent not only the working class, but also the very classes that it once deemed oppressors: the rich entrepreneurs and bourgeoisie. Leading party theorists saw Mr. Jiang’s plan as a risky attempt to defuse potential opposition to single-party rule by a class with both the money and the power to foster political instability.
这一思想理论呼吁,党不仅代表工人阶级,也代表曾被视为压迫者的阶级:富有的企业家和资产阶级。主要的共产党理论家认为,江泽民的计划是一个冒险的尝试,旨在消除新兴阶级对一党统治的潜在反对,这一阶级拥有催生政治不稳定的金钱和力量。
“The decision to move the private entrepreneurs into the party was a big deal, and he took a lot of flak for that,” said Mr. Johnson, the former C.I.A. analyst. “Jiang saw that they were an emerging constituency that they could either have inside the tent or making trouble from outside the tent.”
“将民营企业家纳入党的决定是一件大事,他为此承受了巨大非议,”前中央情报局分析师约翰逊说,“江泽民认为,他们是一个蓬勃发展的阶层,可以把他们请到帐篷里,也可以看着他们在帐篷外闹事。”
The feral capitalism that Mr. Jiang and Mr. Zhu fostered created a wide rich-poor divide even as it lifted vast numbers from poverty, and it nurtured a culture of official corruption and cronyism.
江泽民和朱镕基所倡导的那种野性资本主义在让无数人摆脱贫困的同时,也带来了巨大的贫富差距,培养了官僚腐败和裙带主义的文化。
“In some ways, that was the start of this live-and-let-live attitude toward corruption that Xi Jinping now finds himself attacking,” said Joseph Fewsmith, a professor at Boston University who studies Chinese leadership politics.
“在某种程度上,这正是那种腐败也是可以接受的态度的肇始,习近平现在要打击的就是这个,”波士顿大学教授、研究中国领导政治的傅士卓(Joseph Fewsmith)说。
Wielding Influence
发挥影响力
By the time Mr. Jiang retired from the party leadership in 2002 and from the presidency in 2003, his influence and self-regard had swollen so much that he was reluctant to leave the political stage. (His successor, Hu Jintao, had already been designated by Mr. Deng.)
到江泽民2002年从党的领导层卸任、2003年卸任国家主席时,他的影响力和自我已经大幅膨胀,以至于不愿离开政治舞台。(他的继任者胡锦涛早已被邓小平指定。)
Mr. Jiang lingered as chairman of the party’s Central Military Commission, overseeing the People’s Liberation Army until 2004, and then continued to play a back-room role in promotions. Party insiders said Mr. Jiang had used his influence to shape the leadership lineup that Mr. Xi inherited when he became party leader in November 2012.
江泽民继续担任中央军委主席,负责领导解放军,直到2004年,此后还不断在升迁事宜中扮演后台角色。党内人士表示,江泽民动用影响力,帮助塑造了习近平2012年11月成为党的领导人时继承的领导阵容。
In August 2015, People’s Daily, the party’s flagship newspaper, issued an unusually blunt warning that retired leaders should stay out of politics and “cool off” like a cup of tea after a guest has left. The commentary fanned rumors that Mr. Xi had been irked by Mr. Jiang’s efforts to exert power behind the scenes, but the two men soon after appeared on the rostrum together with former President Hu Jintao during a military parade in Beijing.
2015年8月,党的旗舰报刊“人民日报”发表了一个异常直白的警告,称退休后的领导人应该远离政治,就像在客人离开之后“人走茶凉”。这一说法挑起了人们对于习近平不满江泽民在幕后活动的传言,但二人在此后不久便在一次阅兵活动中与前主席胡锦涛一起出现在台上。
But the influence of Mr. Jiang and his coterie of allies, sometimes known as the Shanghai Faction, has faded over the last decade. At a Communist Party congress last month, Mr. Xi installed a new Politburo Standing Committee, the seven men who run China, that is entirely composed of his loyalists, with no holdovers of officials with close ties to his predecessors, Mr. Jiang and Mr. Hu.
但在过去几年,江泽民和他那个有时被称为“上海帮“的小圈子的影响力逐渐减弱。在上个月的中共二十大上,习近平任命了新一届政治局常委,这七位拥有中国最高权力的男性全部是忠于他的人,与前任江泽民以及胡锦涛关系密切的官员都未能留任。
“Jiang Zemin continued to wield influence even after he stepped down, but that hurt his reputation,” said Mr. Yang, the Beijing historian. “He did that because he was comfortable with power, but also because around him there was a circle of people who relied on him and puffed him up to make him think he was indispensable.”
“江泽民下台后继续施加影响,但是这一点也损害了他的声誉。”北京历史学家杨继绳说,“他这样做是因为他习惯于运用权力,也因为在他周围,有一圈人依靠他,吹捧他,让他认为自己是不可或缺的。”
去年,江泽民的形象出现在了中国建党100周年的庆典上。 LINTAO ZHANG/GETTY IMAGESBut in his last years, Mr. Jiang became an unlikely online folk hero for younger Chinese. They mocked his mannerisms and purported resemblance to a toad, while slyly celebrating his relative tolerance compared with his successors. They recalled the time in 2000 when he berated Hong Kong journalists in English: “Too simple, sometimes naïve.”
但风烛残年的江泽民出乎意料地被中国年轻一代奉为网络民间英雄。他们嘲笑他的言谈举止,称他长得像一只蛤蟆,同时也在俏皮地称赞他相比继任者要宽容一些。他们回忆起2000年他用英语斥责香港记者:“Too simple, sometimes naïve.(太简单,有时太天真。)”
In his appearance on “60 Minutes” in 2000, Mr. Jiang, smiling determinedly, his eyes obscured by huge square eyeglasses, recited the opening of the Gettysburg Address, which he had learned as a student. When Mr. Wallace said that some people had called him a “silk-wrapped needle,” a man with hidden toughness, Mr. Jiang demurred, though with a flourish.
2000年接受电视节目《60分钟》采访时,江泽民自信地微笑着,眼睛被巨大的方形眼镜遮住,背诵了葛底斯堡演说的开篇部分,那是他在学生时代学习过的。华莱士问他,有些人说他“绵里藏针”,是一个内在强硬的男人,江泽民表示否认,不过也稍稍卖弄了一下。
“People used the same phrase to describe the character of Deng Xiaoping,” he said. “I don’t think I should be put on a par with Deng.”
“人们曾对邓小平有过这样的评价,”他说。 “我不敢和他相比。”
But, he added, “I am a decisive figure.”
不过他补充说:“我这个人的性格还是比较果断的。”
Joseph Kahn对本文有报道贡献。
储百亮(Chris Buckley)是《纽约时报》首席中国记者。他成长于澳大利亚悉尼,在过去30年中的大部分时间内居住在中国。在2012年加入《纽约时报》之前,他是路透社的一名记者。欢迎在Twitter上关注他:@ChuBailiang。
Michael Wines负责报道选举和其他与选举相关的议题。他自1988年加入时报,曾报道司法部、白宫、国会、俄罗斯、南非、中国以及许多其他议题。欢迎在Twitter上关注他:@miwine。
翻译:纽约时报中文网
点击查看本文英文版。
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告全党全军全国各族人民书
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新华社北京11月30日电 中国共产党中央委员会
中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委员会
中华人民共和国国务院
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中国共产党和中华人民共和国中央军事委员会
告全党全军全国各族人民书
中国共产党中央委员会、中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委员会、中华人民共和国国务院、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会、中国共产党和中华人民共和国中央军事委员会,极其悲痛地向全党全军全国各族人民通告:我们敬爱的江泽民同志患白血病合并多脏器功能衰竭,抢救无效,于2022年11月30日12时13分在上海逝世,享年96岁。
江泽民同志是我党我军我国各族人民公认的享有崇高威望的卓越领导人,伟大的马克思主义者,伟大的无产阶级革命家、政治家、军事家、外交家,久经考验的共产主义战士,中国特色社会主义伟大事业的杰出领导者,党的第三代中央领导集体的核心,“三个代表”重要思想的主要创立者。
江泽民同志从青少年时代起就勤奋学习,追求真理,受到爱国主义思想和民主革命思想的启蒙。在大学学习期间,经过积极参加抗日爱国活动洗礼,江泽民同志形成了马克思主义世界观,完成了人生道路的选择,最终确立了为民族解放、人民幸福而奋斗的人生理想和信仰。一九四七年从上海交通大学毕业后,江泽民同志到工厂工作,在工人群众中并在青年会夜校职业青年中从事革命宣传工作,一九四九年组织工人群众开展护厂活动,迎接上海解放。
中华人民共和国成立初期,江泽民同志先后担任上海益民食品一厂第一副厂长、上海制皂厂第一副厂长、第一机械工业部上海第二设计分局电器专业科科长等职。一九五四年,国家在长春兴建第一汽车制造厂,需要大批专业技术干部和管理干部,江泽民同志应调前往,一九五五年赴苏联莫斯科斯大林汽车制造厂实习。一九五六年回国后,江泽民同志任长春第一汽车制造厂动力处副处长、副总动力师、动力分厂厂长。一九六二年,江泽民同志调任第一机械工业部上海电器科学研究所副所长,负责该所科研领导工作。一九六六年,江泽民同志调任武汉热工机械研究所所长、代理党委书记,后任党委书记,组织原子能发电设备设计工作。“文化大革命”开始后,江泽民同志受到冲击。一九七〇年,江泽民同志调到第一机械工业部工作,一九七一年任中国第一机械工业部派驻罗马尼亚专家组总组长,一九七三年回国先后任第一机械工业部外事局副局长、局长。一九八〇年,江泽民同志担任国家进出口管理委员会、国家外国投资管理委员会副主任兼秘书长、党组成员,主管实施广东、福建两省实行特殊政策、灵活措施和试办经济特区等开创性工作。一九八二年,江泽民同志任电子工业部第一副部长、党组副书记,一九八三年任部长、党组书记,为我国电子工业发展作出了重要贡献。一九八二年九月,江泽民同志在党的第十二次全国代表大会上当选为中央委员。
一九八五年,江泽民同志任上海市市长、中共上海市委副书记。一九八七年,江泽民同志在党的十三届一中全会上当选为中共中央政治局委员,并任中共上海市委书记。担任上海市长、市委书记期间,江泽民同志带领上海广大干部群众振奋精神、勇于探索,推动上海改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得重大突破,浦东开发开放蓄势谋篇,推动党的建设、精神文明建设、社会建设取得重大进步。一九八九年春夏之交我国发生严重政治风波,江泽民同志拥护和执行党中央关于旗帜鲜明反对动乱、捍卫社会主义国家政权、维护人民根本利益的正确决策,紧紧依靠广大党员、干部、群众,有力维护上海稳定。
一九八九年,在党的十三届四中全会上,江泽民同志当选为中共中央政治局常委、中央委员会总书记。同年,党的十三届五中全会决定江泽民同志为中共中央军事委员会主席。一九九〇年,在七届全国人大三次会议上当选为中华人民共和国中央军事委员会主席。
江泽民同志是党的第三代中央领导集体的核心。二十世纪八十年代末九十年代初,国际国内发生严重政治风波,世界社会主义出现严重曲折,我国社会主义事业发展面临空前巨大的困难和压力。在这个决定党和国家前途命运的重大历史关头,江泽民同志带领党的中央领导集体,紧紧依靠全党全军全国各族人民,旗帜鲜明坚持四项基本原则,维护国家独立、尊严、安全、稳定,毫不动摇坚持经济建设这个中心,坚持改革开放,捍卫了中国特色社会主义伟大事业,打开了我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新局面。
从党的十三届四中全会到党的十六大的十三年中,国际形势风云变幻,我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设进程波澜壮阔。在国际国内十分复杂的形势下,江泽民同志带领党的中央领导集体,高举马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论伟大旗帜,坚持党的基本路线不动摇,团结全党全国各族人民,抓住机遇、深化改革、扩大开放、促进发展、保持稳定,确立了社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标和基本框架,确立了社会主义初级阶段公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度和按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度,制定和实施了促进改革发展稳定的一系列方针政策和重大战略,锐意推进经济体制改革、政治体制改革、文化体制改革和其他各方面改革,开创全面改革开放新局面,实施依法治国基本方略,坚持“和平统一、一国两制”的方针,实现香港、澳门顺利回归,坚持独立自主的和平外交政策,打开外交工作崭新局面,推进党的建设新的伟大工程,推动社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明建设取得举世瞩目的新进展,成功把中国特色社会主义推向二十一世纪。在以江泽民同志为核心的党的第三代中央领导集体领导下,我们从容应对一系列关系我国主权和安全的国际突发事件,战胜在政治、经济领域和自然界出现的困难和风险,保证了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的航船始终沿着正确方向破浪前进。党的十三届四中全会以来十三年我们党和国家取得的巨大成就,同江泽民同志作为马克思主义政治家的雄才大略、关键作用、高超政治领导艺术是分不开的。
江泽民同志担任中央军事委员会主席期间,深刻洞察和把握国内外形势的重大变化和世界新军事变革的发展趋势,对加强国防和军队现代化建设提出了一系列新论断新举措,丰富和发展了毛泽东军事思想和邓小平新时期军队建设思想,创立了江泽民国防和军队建设思想,领导国防和军队现代化建设取得了巨大成就。江泽民同志强调,要坚持国防建设与经济建设协调发展的方针,加强人民军队革命化、现代化、正规化建设;按照政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力的总要求,紧紧围绕打得赢、不变质两个历史性课题,全面推进人民军队建设;毫不动摇坚持党对人民军队的绝对领导,始终把思想政治建设摆在我军各项建设的首位,永葆人民军队性质、本色、作风;贯彻积极防御的军事战略方针,推进中国特色军事变革,按照建设信息化军队、打赢信息化战争的目标,坚定不移走中国特色的精兵之路,实现我军现代化跨越式发展;实施科技强军战略,坚持从严治军、依法治军、勤俭建军,探索新的历史条件下治军的特点和规律,与时俱进推进我军各项建设;深化国防科技工业体制改革,增强自主创新能力,加快国防科技和武器装备发展,走出一条投入较少、效益较高的军队现代化建设路子;按照平战结合、军民结合、寓军于民的方针,提高国防动员能力,发展高技术条件下人民战争的战略战术,巩固军政军民团结。这一切,对于加强国防和军队现代化建设具有长远指导意义。
江泽民同志坚持马克思主义的思想路线,尊重实践,尊重群众,准确把握时代特征,科学判断我们党所处的历史方位,围绕建设中国特色社会主义这个主题,在改革发展稳定、内政外交国防、治党治国治军等各方面都提出了一系列新思想新观点新论断,为坚持和发展党的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领、基本经验作出了杰出贡献。特别是他集中全党智慧创立了“三个代表”重要思想,实现了党在指导思想上的又一次与时俱进,体现了一位真正马克思主义者的巨大政治勇气和理论勇气。“三个代表”重要思想突出强调我们党始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求、代表中国先进文化的前进方向、代表中国最广大人民的根本利益,遵循了人类历史发展进步的普遍规律,顺应了时代发展潮流和我国社会发展进步要求,反映了全国各族人民利益和愿望,抓住了新形势下提高党的执政能力、巩固党的执政地位、完成党的执政使命的根本。“三个代表”重要思想最鲜明的特点和最突出的贡献,在于用一系列紧密联系、相互贯通的新思想新观点新论断,进一步回答了什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义的问题,创造性回答了建设什么样的党、怎样建设党的问题,是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论的继承和发展,深化了我们对新的时代条件下推进中国特色社会主义事业、加强党的建设的规律的认识。
江泽民同志高度重视事关党和人民事业的重大战略问题。在筹备党的十六大期间,江泽民同志主动提出,为了党和国家事业长远发展,为了党和国家长治久安,他不再担任中央领导职务,并从中央委员会退下来,以利于促进党和国家高层领导新老交替。党中央同意了江泽民同志的请求。从当时国际形势复杂多变、国防和军队建设任务繁重考虑,党的十六届一中全会决定江泽民同志留任中共中央军事委员会主席。党的十六届一中全会后,江泽民同志全力支持以胡锦涛同志为总书记的新一届中央领导集体的工作,尽心尽力履行党中央交付他的职责。二〇〇四年,江泽民同志从党和国家事业长远发展的大局出发,又主动提出辞去他担任的党和国家中央军事委员会主席的职务,充分体现了他对党和国家事业发展的深谋远虑。
从领导岗位上退下来以后,江泽民同志坚决拥护和支持党中央工作,关心中国特色社会主义伟大事业,坚定支持党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争。二〇〇六年,江泽民同志亲自主持编辑和逐篇审定《江泽民文选》第一卷、第二卷、第三卷。《江泽民文选》主要收入了江泽民同志从二十世纪八十年代末至二十一世纪初具有代表性和独创性的重要著作,为我们更深入地学习领会“三个代表”重要思想,继续推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业和党的建设新的伟大工程提供了重要教材。
江泽民同志目光远大、审时度势,总是从中国和世界发展大势、从党和国家工作全局出发观察和思考问题,不断推进理论创新和其他各方面创新。江泽民同志信念坚定、处事果断,总是把党和人民放在心中最高的位置,始终不渝坚持共产党人的理想信念,在关键时刻具有作出果敢决策的非凡胆略和进行理论创新的巨大勇气。江泽民同志尊重实践、与时俱进,总是紧紧把握时代发展脉搏和契机,坚持从党和人民活生生的实践出发总结经验、寻找路子,脚踏实地而又开拓进取推进党和国家各项工作。江泽民同志尊重群众、关心群众,总是高度关注人民群众安危冷暖,依据最广大人民根本利益来检验和推动工作。江泽民同志的优秀品格和高尚风范将永远教育和激励我们前进。
江泽民同志的逝世,对我党我军我国各族人民是不可估量的损失。党中央号召,全党全军全国各族人民化悲痛为力量,继承江泽民同志的遗志,以实际行动表达我们的悼念。
我们一定要更加自觉地团结在以习近平同志为核心的党中央周围,坚持党的基本理论、基本路线、基本方略,深刻领悟“两个确立”的决定性意义,增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”,持之以恒推进全面从严治党,深入推进新时代党的建设新的伟大工程,以党的自我革命引领社会革命,使我们党坚守初心使命,始终成为中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心。
我们一定要坚持马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观,全面贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想,坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合,坚持解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进、求真务实,勇于进行理论探索和创新,在新时代的伟大实践中不断开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界,让当代中国马克思主义放射出更加灿烂的真理光芒。
我们一定要坚定不移坚持中国共产党领导、坚持中国特色社会主义,坚持把国家和民族发展放在自己力量的基点上、把中国发展进步的命运牢牢掌握在自己手中,团结一心为全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标而努力,以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴,推动构建人类命运共同体,创造人类文明新形态。
我们一定要坚持全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨,树牢群众观点,贯彻群众路线,尊重人民首创精神,坚持一切为了人民、一切依靠人民,从群众中来、到群众中去,始终保持同人民群众的血肉联系,始终同人民同呼吸、共命运、心连心。
我们一定要努力学习“三个代表”重要思想,学习江泽民同志的革命精神和革命风范,学习他运用马克思主义立场、观点、方法研究新情况、解决新问题的科学态度和创造精神,为把我国建设成为富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国而团结奋斗。
中华民族的伟大复兴事业,凝结了包括江泽民同志在内的一代又一代共产党人的心血和奋斗。前进道路上,全党全军全国各族人民要在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜,全面贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想,弘扬伟大建党精神,坚定信心、同心同德,埋头苦干、奋勇前进,为全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴而团结奋斗。
江泽民同志永垂不朽!
江泽民同志治丧委员会名单
新华社
2022-11-30 16:31新华社官方帐号
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新华社北京11月30日电 江泽民同志治丧委员会名单
主任委员:
习近平
委员:
李克强、栗战书、汪洋、李强、赵乐际、王沪宁、韩正、蔡奇、丁薛祥、李希、王岐山、马兴瑞、王晨、王毅、尹力、石泰峰、刘鹤、刘国中、许其亮、孙春兰(女)、李干杰、李书磊、李鸿忠、杨晓渡、何卫东、何立峰、张又侠、张国清、陈文清、陈吉宁、陈敏尔、胡春华、袁家军、黄坤明、胡锦涛、朱镕基、李瑞环、吴邦国、温家宝、贾庆林、张德江、俞正声、宋平、李岚清、曾庆红、吴官正、李长春、罗干、贺国强、刘云山、张高丽、刘金国、王小洪、曹建明、张春贤、沈跃跃(女)、吉炳轩、艾力更·依明巴海、万鄂湘、陈竺、王东明、白玛赤林、丁仲礼、郝明金、蔡达峰、武维华、魏凤和、王勇、肖捷、赵克志、周强、张军、张庆黎、刘奇葆、帕巴拉·格列朗杰、董建华、万钢、何厚铧、卢展工、王正伟、马飚、陈晓光、梁振英、夏宝龙、杨传堂、李斌(女)、巴特尔、汪永清、苏辉(女)、郑建邦、辜胜阻、刘新成、何维、邵鸿、高云龙、田纪云、迟浩田、王乐泉、王兆国、回良玉、刘淇、吴仪(女)、曹刚川、曾培炎、王刚、刘延东(女)、李源潮、马凯、李建国、范长龙、孟建柱、郭金龙、杨洁篪、陈希、陈全国、郭声琨、王汉斌、何勇、杜青林、赵洪祝、尤权、王丙乾、邹家华、彭珮云(女)、周光召、李铁映、许嘉璐、蒋正华、顾秀莲(女)、热地、盛华仁、路甬祥、乌云其木格(女)、华建敏、陈至立(女)、周铁农、司马义·铁力瓦尔地、蒋树声、桑国卫、王胜俊、陈昌智、严隽琪(女)、张平、向巴平措、张宝文、唐家璇、梁光烈、戴秉国、常万全、韩杼滨、贾春旺、任建新、宋健、胡启立、王忠禹、李贵鲜、张克辉、郝建秀(女)、徐匡迪、张怀西、李蒙、廖晖、白立忱、陈奎元、阿不来提·阿不都热西提、李兆焯、黄孟复、张梅颖(女)、张榕明(女)、钱运录、孙家正、李金华、郑万通、邓朴方、厉无畏、陈宗兴、王志珍(女)、韩启德、林文漪(女)、罗富和、李海峰(女)、陈元、周小川、王家瑞、齐续春、马培华、刘晓峰、王钦敏、李尚福、刘振立、苗华、张升民、李作成、傅全有、于永波、王克、陈炳德、李继耐、廖锡龙、乔清晨、靖志远、赵克石、吴胜利、马晓天
(以下按姓氏笔画排序)
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追悼会讣告历任中华人民共和国副主席最近逝世的四位伟人中国副主席
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评论列表(4335条)渔夫家人
一路走好,他为中国人民做出了杰出的贡献!
2小时前甘肃
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芾田人
一代伟人,一路走好!
2小时前江西
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8346
云上人却别云间
致敬一个时代,深切缅怀!一路走好
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21546
鲨鱼初梅
沉痛悼念,一路走好!
2小时前黑龙江
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16693
衣服上的花儿
感谢您为国家做出的贡献!走好
2小时前吉林
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8539
越战越勇之勇敢
时代不会忘记您~ 人民不会忘记您~ 祖国不会忘记您~ 沉痛悼念~愿一路走好~ 愿天堂没有疾病~您永远活在全国人民的心中~
1小时前北京
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1499
只要演技与实力
沉痛悼念,一路走好!
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4303
滴水之遥
一代伟人,一路走好
1小时前云南
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2300
月见草卜要上班
永垂不朽,一路走好
1小时前天津
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3111
最遥远从前
一路走好,永垂不朽
1小时前吉林
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2806
咩呐咩呐咩
永垂不朽!一路走好!
1小时前湖北
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2042
徐一芾
哀悼!缅怀江爷爷,一路走好
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1770
乖乖蛇明明
向江爷爷致敬,一路走好
1小时前山东
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1729
悠杨的馨
江总书记一路走好!人民永远怀念您!您永远活在全国各族人民心中!
1小时前天津
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710
筗隽薆埚
一路走好,他为中国人民做出了杰出的贡献!
1小时前山东
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832
修心修好
一代伟人,一路走好
1小时前吉林
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696
挂甲听松涛
永垂不朽,一路走好
1小时前浙江
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1083
一程开谢洛阳花
江泽民同志永垂不朽
2小时前安徽
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12741
又见杨花
全国人民向你鞠躬
1小时前广西
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119
质淑臻良
一路走好,他为中国人民做出了杰出的贡献!
1小时前云南
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565
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中国多地“清零”抗议活动三个要点分析:特别之处、直接后果和政治影响
2022年11月28日
视频加注文字,上海民众街头高喊“习近平下台”,中国多地现反封控抗议
11月27日晚,上海、北京、成都、西安、武汉都爆发抗议活动。几个月来,对于“清零”政策的不满持续酝酿,在新疆乌鲁木齐的火灾后,愤怒的情绪在网上爆发,随即在当地爆发抗议活动。在过去这个周末,抗议活动出现在全国多地,为中国近年来所少见。
BBC采访多位专家,分析这轮抗议的特别之处,对于清零政策是否会产生直接后果,以及对于中国政治的长远影响。
中国新冠“清零”政策抗议蔓延到多个城市 出现更广泛的政治诉求
特别之处:从避邻运动到广泛诉求
图像来源,REUTERS
图像加注文字,11月27日,在悼念乌鲁木齐火灾遇难者活动期间,北京市民聚集在一起守夜并举着白纸抗议当局的新冠封控措施。
“罕见”是专家描述这轮抗议最常用的词汇。
“现在在中国看到的,是十年来最不同寻常的大规模政治活动。”澳洲国立大学政治学者宋文笛在其推特上表示,上一次看到类似情形还是2011年底的乌坎。
“我在上海生活了15年,还没有见过这种规模的抗议活动。”弗兰克·蔡(Frank Tsa)是居住在上海的公共论坛组织者,他向BBC介绍,过去二三十年来,中国可能有上千次、上万次小规模抗议活动,但通常都是关于劳工权益和征地冲突。
宋文笛提到的乌坎事件也类似,2011年时广东汕尾陆丰市乌坎村因不满土地被私下买卖,数百名村民多次示威、游行,并爆发大型冲突。更早的还有2007年厦门市民反对二甲苯(PX)项目事件。
这类运动被归为“邻避效应”引发的群体行为,“邻避效应”英文中称为“不要放在我后院”(Not in my back yard),往往在建造一些可能污染环境的公共设施,利好由较大范围人群享受,污染则由较小人群负担,因而引发后者的抗议。
图像来源,AFP
图像加注文字,在刚过去的周日,上海警方曾封锁乌鲁木齐路。
但学者指出,这一轮抗议不再是中国常见的“邻避运动”。弗兰克·蔡评价,以前很少像这一次直接针对中央政府的,“基本上没有”,而这次针对政权本身,甚至喊出习近平或共产党下台的口号,“这就是为什么现在会有与1989年的比较”。
宋文笛也认为,相对于乌坎事件主要针对当地的不满,这一次感觉更可能会扩大,因为触发抗议的原因是全国性“清零”政策。
英国牛津大学中国中心主任拉纳·米特(Rana Mitter)提到清华大学发生的抗议活动。他认为,清华的学生不仅在抗议疫情封锁,还有更广泛的问题,比如青年中的高失业率,比如他们感到未来无望,美好生活已经逝去,从长远来看,对中国政府来说这更值得忧心。相比于如何走出疫情这样的短期问题,年轻人的抗议为中共敲响警钟。
直接后果:疫情防控会放松吗?
图像来源,EPA
图像加注文字,11月27日晚,北京警方封锁了抗议当局封控措施的人群所在的街道。
“这一波抗议浪潮是由‘清零’政策下对个人安全的担忧触发的,跨越阶层、地域和民族界限的问题,而解决这一问题需要全面改变国内政策,这使政府不容易与抗议者的要求达成妥协。”宋文笛称。
不过,在乌鲁木齐发生火灾后,当地爆发抗议活动,紧接着当地政府宣布已经实现“清零”,放松一些管制措施。
在过去这个抗议频发的周末,中国官媒新华社推送两篇文章,一篇罗列北京、广州、乌鲁木齐适当放宽封锁措施;另一篇是该社的评论,称各地应尽最大努力为老百姓提供方便,以及“方舱无小事”,但最后还是强调了坚定不移贯彻“动态清零”总方针。
“不是哪天起床了,宣布一下政策变了,那么简单。”拉纳·米特表示,有政治上问题是,习近平个人与这一政策密切关联,不过中国政府当然会指出一个事实,即中国整体死亡率远远低于体量相近的国家,比如印度。问题是中国还没有成功地铺开高质量的疫苗,在全球其他地方这一点至关重要,使病毒在西方甚至南半球成为总体上可以容忍和共存。
“在中国则不是这样,60-80岁老年人接种率不高,即便年轻人接种的国产疫苗,但没那么有效。”拉纳·米特认为这使中国政府陷入两难——如果大量进口美国疫苗,那在民族主义方面显得有些尴尬;还是说,管控住边境,然后一直实施“清零”政策?
但后者已经开始引发中国罕见的多地抗议活动。
图像来源,REUTERS
图像加注文字,11月28日,在北京,在为乌鲁木齐火灾受害者守夜后,一名男子拿着白纸抗议当局的疫情封控措施。
政治影响:对中国政府的巨大考验
类似的抗议活动会不会持续下去?
“还有待观察。”宋文笛称,已经证明抗议者们可以被动员起来,但将公共不满转化为政治变革,还需要抗议者们更有组织,但在广泛的监控和审查制度下,能否做到呢?
约翰·霍普金斯大学政治经济学教授孔诰烽(Ho-fung Hung)认为,多个城市爆发抗议活动并不令人惊讶,但问题是这是自发的,如果当局能够保持对审查机器的控制,抗议活动可能在不久后平息。
“但如果继续蔓延,对习近平来说是个大问题,因为他显然没法在‘清零’上退缩,过去两年他推进‘清零’把自己逼进角落,他处理这件事最理性的方式应该是给地方政府施压,让他们对抗议活动进行镇压,同时自己保持距离。但也有风险,地方政府可能拒绝严格地执行其指令,因为他们也深受‘清零’拖累。”
“对习近平来说,确实形势严峻。这是对他的绝对专制统治的第一个严峻考验。如何解决这个问题将对未来几年的中国政治和经济产生持久影响。”孔诰烽称。
弗兰克·蔡也提到这一轮抗议的自发性。他观察到,各地的抗议活动不是很协调,参与者比较随意,比如周六晚上的上海,一拨规模较小的学生组织纪念乌鲁木齐的活动,很多围观者直接参与进来,所以没什么组织,而且由于审查制度,也很难组织。先不要说它像89年甚至像伊朗一样的大型运动,太早了,但如果没有组织者,那政府如何镇压?“我认为共产党现在很为难,但该怎么办呢?”
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江泽民逝世:站上中国权力最高峰的红色工程师,享年96岁
2022年11月30日早上8点44分最近更新: 19 分钟前
图像来源,GETTY IMAGES
中国前国家主席江泽民因患白血病合并多个内脏器官功能衰竭,抢救无效,2022年11月30日12时13分在上海去世,享年96岁。
中国官方媒体新华社在11月30日公布了江泽民去世的消息。自不再担任公职以来,他的健康状况一直是公众关注的焦点,屡屡有关于他病重、病危甚至去世的消息传出,而他每一次公开露面时的状态也会被媒体及公众仔细审视。
在10月举行的中共第二十次全国代表大会,江泽民并没有如过往数届般露面,当时已再度引起外界关注他的健康状况。
他生前是除习近平外当今中国最重要的政治人物。1989年邓小平以他来代替“六四”事件中被迫下台的中共总书记赵紫阳之后,在他治下中共不断加强对权力的控制,而工程师出身的他也逐渐拥有了左右中国政局的能力。即便他在2004年已卸下官职,但影响力仍绝对不容小觑。
2014年:江泽民的“老人政治”走到尽头?
2011年:江泽民到底还有多大影响力?
2004年:江泽民辞去中央军委主席职务
2002年:江泽民十三年的“遗产”
视频加注文字,江泽民任期内,香港主权移交,中国成功加入世贸组织,获得2008年奥运和2010年世博会主办权。但与此同时,中国贪腐泛滥,政治改革乏善足陈,失业与收入不平等问题广泛存在。
虽然每位中国领袖都有自己的风格,但江泽民绝对是其中独特的一人。他个性十足,掌握英语、俄语等多门语言,乐于炫耀自己的音乐造诣,也不介意偶尔袒露“真性情”。他曾在访问美国时自信唱起京剧、弹奏吉他,与知名美国记者用英文“谈笑风生”,也曾勃然面斥香港记者“太天真”。
作为中国领导人,他指导中国走过了一系列具有历史意义的重大变化。在位期间中国从一个落后的国家转变为世界上经济增长速度最快的国家,同西方的关系也大为改善。
他推动中美关系走出“天安门”镇压后的低潮,带领中国加入世界贸易组织,深化市场改革,开启了“中国速度”的经济腾飞,见证了香港与澳门的主权自西方国家移交至中共政府。
江泽民主要是一位改良者,而非改革者,他的主要目标是通过一系列的经济改革确保中国共产党未来的前途。他的批评者认为,他只注重经济发展,忽视政治改革,且过于注重个人形象。在他任内,他加强了中共政权对军队的控制,铁腕镇压法轮功,对台湾立场强硬。
江泽民最近一次在公众前亮相是在2019年10月中共建政70周年阅兵仪式上,当时他看上去已经有些虚弱。当天在两人的搀扶下与习近平、胡锦涛一同缓缓走到天安门城楼二层的前排就位。在数十分钟的活动过程中,他大都戴着墨镜,坐在为他专门设置的椅子上,与从楼下走过的受阅部队及游行群众几乎没有互动。当抬着他的大幅肖像及象征他政治思想的“三个代表”标语方阵走过时,他也未做任何反应。
这距离他登上中共第三代领导集体的核心位置正好30年。1989年夏天,中共派出军队镇压在天安门广场聚集的请愿学生,力主政治改良的时任中共总书记赵紫阳因反对邓小平的指示被迫下台,而当时担任上海市委书记的江泽民则被邓小平选中,一跃成为中国共产党名义上的最高领导人。
之后的三十年间,他从一个不被外界看好的过渡总书记,一步步逐渐掌握了军事、政治、人事等各项权力,成为邓小平逝世后中国最有权力的人。
图像来源,GETTY IMAGES
图像加注文字,江泽民夫妇与美国前总统小布什夫妇。
从工程师到权力之巅
1926年,江泽民出生于中华民国政府管制下的江苏扬州。13岁时,他的叔父、中共地下党员江上青遭逢意外去世,膝下无子,江泽民的父亲将他过继给江上青遗孀吴月卿。无独有偶,1946年,在国民党与共产党在中国大陆交战之际,就读于上海交通大学电机工程系的江泽民也选择加入中国共产党。
参加工作后的初期,江泽民有很长一段时间在国外生活,曾在莫斯科的一所汽车制造厂受训,以及在罗马尼亚从事外交工作。在受到江泽民认可的传记《他改变了中国——江泽民传》中,作者罗伯特·劳伦斯·库恩称,江泽民的国际视野在这一时期开始形成。
在他接任中共中央最高职位之前,他从未有过处理全国事务的经历。上世纪80年代,江泽民成为中国电子工业部长,随后升任中共上海市委书记。无论是担任技术官僚还是主政上海期间,江泽民的工作均未引起过太多注意,他自己也没有显露更多在政治野心。在《江泽民传》中,江泽民好友沈永年透露江曾计划退休后回到母校上海交大担任教授职位,回归学界。
而推动他进入权力中心的,是中共历史上的重要转折点——“六四”事件。正当在北京的中国领导人为如何处理学生示威者占领天安门广场而商讨对策之际,江泽民已经在上海平息了类似的抗议。
图像来源,NEW CENTURY PRESS HONG KONG
图像加注文字,正当在北京的中国领导人为如何处理学生示威者占领天安门广场而商讨对策之际,江泽民已经在上海平息了类似的抗议。
他关闭了一家他认为会煽动抗议的报纸,并且在对学生发表讲话时用英文背诵(美国前总统)林肯的葛底斯堡演说(又译盖茨堡演说),令学生们感到惊讶。这种在不动用武力的情况下平息示威的处理手法,给当时的中国最高领导人邓小平留下了深刻印象。
视频加注文字,一名戒严军官的“六四”记忆
“六四”镇压后,邓小平处在中共内部的派系争斗中,最终,他选择同强硬派站在一起,清洗了自由派,并任命江泽民为党的总书记,事实上确定了他的接班人地位。
“苟利国家生死以,岂因祸福避趋之,”据称,江泽民在接受这项改变他一生的人事安排时,说下了这样的话。
图像来源,GETTY IMAGES
上任伊始,外界对他的政治生涯前景并不看好。上海的一些人把他称为“花瓶”,花架子太多,没实际内容。许多人认为他仅仅是一个过渡性人物。
还有一些中国问题观察家对他评头品足,出言刻薄。他的大眼镜、执拗的性格、以及把裤子几乎提到胸前的独特装束,都成为关注的焦点。许多人试图把他描绘成一个呆板的官僚。
但是江泽民证明,他们都错了。
重视经济改革
担任中共中央总书记后,中共党内派系斗争仍未停止。以中共元老陈云为首的保守派主张走计划经济路线,与支持进行市场经济改革的邓小平之间一直就中国以后改革开放与经济建设的路线存在分歧。“局外人”江泽民在两派之间摇摆不定,甚至一度趋于保守。
他全面改革宣传机器,向全国人民传递出自己的信息,那就是,争取更大民主的运动将不会得到容忍。
邓小平此时担心改革的步子放缓甚至停滞,开始对江泽民的执政方式表示疑虑。1992年,邓小平南巡中一边参观一边表态,走到珠海召开了一个由两位军委副主席参加的军事会议,会议上,邓没谈军事,反而强调“谁不改革,谁就下台”,向江泽民施压。
感受到这股压力的江泽民决定全面支持新的经济改革政策。此后在中国,中央控制的社会主义计划经济不复存在,中国开始实施在政府严格控制下的市场经济改革。
图像来源,GETTY IMAGES
图像加注文字,江泽民与英国女王。
中国政治学者吴强认为,从江泽民政治生涯的记录来看,他有明显的“投机主义者”的色彩。他认为,江泽民作为一名技术官僚出身的领导人,并不是中共元老所认为的“自己人”,因此只是在为政权做“守门人”。
1993年,江泽民正式就任中国国家主席,成为集中共中央总书记、国家主席和中央军委主席三项最高职务于一身中国领导人。
到1997年2月邓小平去世时,江泽民已有足够的时间站稳脚跟,并且在许多重要的岗位上安插了来自上海的亲信,其中包括日后成为中国政府总理的朱镕基与最高官至国家副主席的曾庆红等人,从而拥有更多政策决定权与主导权。
改革开放40年:邓小平究竟给今日中国留下什么
改革开放40年:党报“口头禅”里的中国政治变迁
在江泽民担任上海市委书记时,朱镕基曾担任上海市长。二人在位时期,经济改革成为江泽民时代中国最大的成就之一。中国经济几乎所有领域都推行改革——改革国企、放松汇率管制、放开房地产市场、实施分税制、加入世贸组织。中国整体上往市场经济的方向迈了一大步,也由此开启了中国历史上发展速度最高的二十年。
图像来源,GETTY IMAGES
图像加注文字,江泽民与朱镕基
政治遗产薄弱
在坐稳中国最高领导人的位置后,江泽民也开始塑造自己的威信与权威,试图追随毛泽东与邓小平的步伐,建立个人崇拜,确保他在党内的地位不会受到他人的挑战与冲击。
“六四”之后,一些保守派元老在军队内保有重要影响力。江泽民毫无军方背景,但伴随这些元老逐渐退出历史舞台,他慢慢掌握了对军队的控制。他还提出,禁止部队人员经商。
图像来源,GETTY IMAGES
图像加注文字,1989年夏天,中共派出军队镇压在天安门广场聚集的请愿学生。
他曾强调,“党对军队的绝对领导是我军永远不变的军魂,要毫不动摇地坚持党领导人民军队的根本原则和制度”。
与他的前任一样,他也试图在意识形态领域提炼出自己的理论思想,作为自己的政治遗产。他进一步发展共产党的理论,提出“三个代表”思想,即“中国共产党要始终代表中国先进社会生产力的发展要求,始终代表中国先进文化的前进方向,始终代表中国最广大人民的根本利益”。这在之后写入《中国共产党章程》和《中华人民共和国宪法》。
吴强认为,江泽民的“三个代表”思想没有摆脱他技术官僚的局限性,没有从理论层面上有突破性的升华提高,作为政治遗产显得十分薄弱。
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与此同时,他也以铁腕镇压国内异议人士,打压法轮功组织。对台湾持强硬立场,导致第三次台海危机爆发。批评者也认为,他无意推动中国的政治体制改革,使得中共不断走向专制。
其中,打击法轮功给他的人权记录留下了极有争议的记录。法轮功为李洪志提出的一种气功修炼法,于上世纪90年代中后期在中国迅速兴起,吸引了数千万人加入该组织,也逐渐引起中共注意。1996年,中共宣传机器《光明日报》称法轮功为“封建迷信”,引发中国各地法轮功学员不满,他们开始不时针对批评法轮功的机构开始示威抗议。1999年4月,一万名法轮功成员在北京中南海前举行和平示威,抗议当局拘捕他们几名领袖。自此,中国开始大规模镇压法轮功活动,将法轮功定性为邪教。官方媒体也将法轮功组织描述为宣扬谬见、误导群众及危害社会稳定的组织。但法轮功成员坚称,他们是个奉公守法的和平组织,通过静坐和练习气功强身健体。
法轮功成员众多,且深入中国社会不同阶层,无疑会给十年前刚经历过“天安门”事件的中共政权感受到威胁。而对法轮功的取缔也十分全面,涉及中国各个角落。自1999年至2000年的一年间,有数百万学员受禁令影响退出组织,超过3万名法轮功学员遭逮捕。中国当局对法轮功的打压一直持续到今天。
图像来源,GETTY IMAGES
图像加注文字,江泽民与卡斯特罗
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江泽民在确保自己国内的稳定地位之后,试图提升中国在国际上的形象,且十分乐于利用自己的知识与背景吸引国际社会的注意。
“六四”后,中国面临以美国为首的西方世界的制裁与封锁,但修复中美关系对于中国改革开放至关重要。
他曾多次提到对美关系的原则,即“增加信任、减少麻烦、发展合作、不搞对抗”,并于在任期间多次访问美国,促使中国加入世界贸易组织,深化了中国融入世界经济的进程。
图像来源,GETTY IMAGES
图像加注文字,在他的一系列出访中,他凭借强烈的个人风格给人们留下深刻的印象。图为江泽民与美国前总统克林顿共同出席记者会。
江泽民时期,中美关系虽也经历几次惊险摩擦,但总能平静收场。
1995年,时任台湾总统李登辉访问美国,成为台美断交17年以来首位访美的台湾最高层官员。作为回应,当年解放军于台湾海峡连续数月进行军事演习,发射导弹,引发台海危机,在美国指派两艘航空母舰通过台湾海峡后,局势稳定下来。
1999年,在以美国为首的北约组织轰炸南联盟的行动中,五颗GPS制导炸弹击中了中国大使馆,导致三人死亡,至少20人受伤,中国北京、上海等主要城市随后爆发针对美国的大规模示威,当时正值中国准备加入世贸组织之际,江泽民对这种爱国示威表示支持,但要求各级干部注意避免出现过激行为,使得局面没有失控。最终没有美国人在抗议活动中死亡,双方的赔偿协议使北京得以暂时搁置此事。
在他的一系列出访中,他凭借强烈的个人风格给人们留下深刻的印象。比如在1996年对菲律宾进行国事访问时,在菲律宾总统拉莫斯的游艇上,两位领导人共同演唱了猫王的歌曲《温柔地爱着我》,还伴随音乐翩翩起舞。
他曾在访问美国时自信唱起京剧、弹奏吉他,与采访过邓小平的美国记者华莱士用英文“谈笑风生”。
他也曾罕有地公开发怒。2000年,香港有线电视女记者张宝华在记者会上就行政长官董建华连任问题,问江泽民“中央是否钦点”了,江生气地斥责了张宝华。指责过程中,江自称“作为一名长者”,“有必要告诉你们一点人生的经验”,指责香港记者毕竟“too young(太年轻)”,问来问去的问题都“too simple, sometimes naive(太简单,有时天真)”。
张宝华向BBC中文回忆,看到他表情的一刻,已经知道他是“真的生气了”。而她认为,从这一点可以看出,江泽民是一个“真性情”的领导人。“领导人一般来说他们面对镜头要有很端庄的样子,但是他很真性情,就是你发脾气的时候是什么样子那个时候就是什么样子。”
“比起几代领导人,江泽民的个人色彩特别强,一来是因为他自己的性格,另外一方面是他真的掌权。如果你掌权,说句话都大声一点,” 张宝华称。
图像来源,GETTY IMAGES
图像加注文字,在习近平时代,年迈的江泽民愈加低调。图为2017年在中共“十九大”上,江泽民在习近平发表长篇讲话时看表。
在习近平时代受网络追捧
从2002年开始,江泽民开始将权力移交给继任者胡锦涛。他先是把中共总书记的职位交给胡锦涛,随后胡锦涛在2003年接任国家主席。
2004年9月,江泽民交出他的最后一个重要职位,也就是掌管军队的中央军事委员会主席职位。
从此他全面退出核心政治舞台,很少公开露面,但外界普遍认为,即便在胡锦涛时代江泽民仍是幕后操控中国政局的绝对人物。
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习近平之前还有哪些中国领导人到访过香港?
视频加注文字,中国改革开放40年对香港经济的影响
在习近平时代,伴随习近平的铁腕与集权手段不断加强,年迈的江泽民也愈加低调。但在网络世界上,他却成为一个新的文化现象的象征——“膜蛤文化”。他的粗边方片大眼睛、腰带提到肚脐以上、以及大肚腩的外貌特点曾被批评者嘲讽为“蛤蟆”,但在中国年轻人中间,却引发“膜蛤”现象。这群年轻人自称“蛤粉”或“魔法师”,他们喜欢转发江泽民的经典语录,以及使用他的表情包。
年约30岁的“魔法师”小曾在江泽民在位时年纪尚小,对作为领导人的他没有太多记忆,但他向BBC中文表示,他之所以会对江泽民感兴趣并不是因为对江泽民的喜爱,而是出于对中国现状的叛逆。“中国后面的领导人形象比较太正了,不苟言笑的。再加上中国后面的文化氛围趋向更加保守,以前那个文化开放比较的时代已经不再了”。
他认为,江泽民去世后,这种网络文化并不会消失。“在中国很长一段时间,暂时不会出现第二个网红领导人了。他就像特朗普一样,是一个流量明星。但是中国不会再有这种政治人物了。”
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AIT处长孙晓雅:“拜习会”是美中关系走缓的定心丸 避战为各国共同责任杨安
2022年11月29日 18:26
美国在台协会(AIT)处长孙晓雅(Sandra Oudkirk)周二(11月29日)召开记者会表示,“拜习会”已让各界对美中关系的走缓吃下定心丸,而除了两国领袖的会晤以外,美中其他层级的官员也将安排会面,显示“避战”是各国的共同责任。
美中紧张关系渐趋白热化之际,两国领袖11月中旬于二十国集团(G20)峰会前夕的面对面会晤时,皆释出了“管控冲突”的意愿,代表美中关系未来可望缓和,更促成美国国务卿布林肯(Antony Blinken)明年出访中国的计划。
孙晓雅:“拜习会”为台海紧张局势降温
AIT处长孙晓雅11月29日在就任以来的第二场记者会上被问及“拜习会”是否为美国众议院议长裴洛西(Nancy Pelosi)访台所引发的台海紧张局势带来降温效果?她表示,在巴厘岛举行的美中领袖会议成果丰硕。
孙晓雅说:“作为一个超过三十年经历的外交官,我可以说,面对面会谈是非常重要的。非常高兴看到‘拜习会’能够举行,我也希望透过这样的会议,让全球观察人士对美中关系的走势感到放心一点,因为美中已经举行过一个坦诚、开放且有建设性的对谈。”
“拜习会”后,美国国务院证实,拜登政府将派国务卿布林肯出访问中国,时间暂定明年初,目前双方正积极安排行程。
孙晓雅说,除美中两国领袖外,其他层级官员的会面也将陆续登场,例如,美国国防部长奥斯汀(Lloyd Austin)才刚见过中国国防部长魏凤和。
孙晓雅表示,布林肯访中预计对话的议题,将聚焦在美方于“拜习会”所关切的问题,包括俄乌战争、朝鲜、气候变迁、粮食安全、台湾与两岸关系等方面。
对此,位于台北的政大外交系副教授黄奎博指出,孙晓雅的说法符合白宫与国务院定调的方向,亦即,美中关系虽然是激烈竞争,但是仍会有可合作的项目。他说,随着“拜习会”确认冲突“护栏”后,两国国安阶层的对话可望渐渐恢复。
位于南台湾台南的成功大学政治学系教授王宏仁也认为,孙晓雅的发言再次显示,从华府到台北所营造的氛围是,美国和其他西方领袖已与中国达成默契,各方都愿意管控分歧。
孙晓雅:“避战”是共同责任
而台湾的九合一地方选举才刚落幕,对于民进党的惨败和国民党的大胜,孙晓雅也在记者会上分享了她的看法,虽然她并未正面回应,台湾人民的票决结果是否释出了“亲中”立场的转变。
她表示,AIT认知到,此次选举中,地方议题扮演着重大角色。因此,未来AIT将持续与全台县市首长保持合作。
至于国民党的“避战”主张,孙晓雅说:“避免战争是所有政策制定者、利害相关者与外交官员共同责任,战争造成惨绝人寰的悲剧,就像我们看到正在发生的乌克兰战事一样,所有人都应该竭尽全力以避免战争发生。”
孙晓雅还说,虽然避战是各国的共同责任,但唯有具备足够的自我防卫能力,才能有效吓阻与真正避免战争爆发。因此,美国认真看待其在《台湾关系法》下的责任,并与不分党派的台湾民选代表合作,草拟相关军售计划。她说,数十年以来,不论台湾选举结果如何或是哪一党执政,美国都是维持一贯做法,没有任何改变。
孙晓雅强调,美国深信维持现状是印太区域繁荣和平的基础,对台湾、中国或印太区域的未来发展都至关重要,印太区域在全球贸易中扮演重要角色,维持现状对各方都有好处。
学者:美国不愿轻易派兵 盼台加强吓阻能力
面对孙晓雅的避战论,曾任国民党副秘书长的黄奎博说,他对美国协防台湾的承诺不是太有信心。他在接受美国之音采访时表示,从美国前总统特朗普到现任总统拜登都不曾对海外加派用兵,特朗普是为了省钱,拜登则属于选择走外交途径,来解决问题的老派政治人物,两人出发点虽不同,但心态都是不想被卷入战事,从孙晓雅的发言,看得出她也是非常谨守美国官方对台政策的基调。
黄奎博说:“美国从川普(特朗普)到拜登看起来都是以避战为最高原则,他们思考的原因不一样,但结论都是避战,千万不要轻启战端,不要轻易派兵。”
不过,成大政治系教授王宏仁认为,AIT虽不便对台湾选举表态,但其实AIT并不乐见,选举结果偏向某政党,尤其是国民党,而她口中所追求的避战方式也和国民党的和谈模式非常不同。
王宏仁说:“避战有很多方式,其实她(孙晓雅)不是要走国民党那个(和谈)方式,现在美国希望台湾走的方式就是要吓阻,就是我们要有足够的吓阻能力。”
王宏仁指出,孙晓雅一再重申美国将依循《台湾关系法》,支持台湾强化自我防卫能力,代表她所谓的避战并非“降而不战”。此外,美国也希望台湾借镜乌克兰,强化在遭受攻击之后恢复供水、供电、供网的能力,也就是在军事战争层面之外,必须加强台湾基础建设、社会和民心的韧性。
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2022年11月29日星期二
研究老年痴呆症称有了罕见成功
发表时间: 29/11/2022 - 15:46
关于老年痴呆症研究报道图片 © 维基百科 照片
作者:小山
6 分钟
国际知名制药商 Eisai Co Ltd 和 Biogen 在 9 月报告说,与安慰剂相比,他们的治疗 lecanemab 可以在 18 个月内将疾病进展减缓 27%。这一发现证实了清除在阿尔茨海默氏症患者大脑中形成团块的淀粉样蛋白可以减缓或阻止疾病的理论,并加强了一些科学家的理论支持,同时瞄准另一种与阿尔茨海默氏症有关的臭名昭著的蛋白质:tau。这两家药商今天在美国旧金山关于老年痴呆症临床试验专门会议上推出研究报告。
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据路透社今天报道称,阿尔茨海默氏症即老年痴呆症研究的罕见成功为未来治疗打开了希望。根据对研究人员和制药业高管的采访,阿尔茨海默氏症研究 30 年来的第一个重大突破正在为针对与这种夺心病相关的两种标志性蛋白质的“鸡尾酒”疗法的临床试验提供动力.
Eisai Co Ltd卫材和Biogen百健计划于周二在旧金山举行的阿尔茨海默病临床试验会议上展示他们的 lecanemab 研究的完整数据。
预计美国食品和药物管理局将在 1 月初对这些公司的加速审批申请做出决定。如果加速获得批准,两家公司表示,他们将立即申请美国监管机构的全面批准,这可能有助于确保医疗保险覆盖范围。
路透社说,随着人们年龄的增长,Tau 会自然地积累在称为内侧颞叶的大脑记忆中心。越来越多的研究表明,阿尔茨海默病患者体内淀粉样蛋白水平的升高起到了促进剂的作用,导致 tau 蛋白爆炸性扩散,在脑细胞内形成有毒的缠结,最终杀死脑细胞。
包括罗氏、默克、强生和礼来在内的近十几家制药商正在研究针对 tau 的疗法。根据路透社对 clinicaltrials.gov 注册表的评论,至少有 16 种疗法正在临床试验中进行测试,预计将在未来三年内得出结果。
默克公司正在几项小型试验中测试其 MK-2214 疗法,旨在清除处于疾病早期阶段的患者的 tau 蛋白。
根据美国国会简报文件,超过 600 万美国人患有阿尔茨海默氏症,美国经济每年在直接支出和未支付的护理费用上损失近 60 亿美元。文件显示,到 2050 年,美国阿尔茨海默病病例预计将翻一番,达到 1270 万,使每年的总成本达到近 1 万亿美元。
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媒体:法国总统马克龙抵达美国进行正式访问2022年11月30日, 11:09
© AP Photo / Manu Fernandez
俄罗斯卫星通讯社华盛顿11月30日电 据法新社报道,法国总统马克龙抵达美国进行正式访问,期间预计美国总统拜登将予以接见。
消息称:“马克龙在华盛顿外的安德鲁斯联合基地降落,在访问新奥尔良之前,他将在首都度过两天时间。”
此前有消息称,马克龙访问华盛顿的一个主要议题将是美国的《通胀削减法案》。预计,马克龙将试图说服美国领导人放宽法案,他认为,该法案违反世贸组织规则,是“不友好的”。两国领导人的会谈还将涉及美国向欧洲出售天然气的价格问题,以及与中国竞争的问题。
法国总统对美国的访问将持续至12月2日。
白宫:拜登和马克龙会谈将涉及乌克兰、中国和伊朗
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长期战争的残酷真相为什么乌克兰的冲突不会很快结束克里斯托弗·布拉特曼2022 年 11 月 29 日
2022 年 11 月,乌克兰总统 Volodymyr Zelensky 在乌克兰赫尔松唱国歌
乌克兰总统新闻处/路透社
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当俄罗斯在 2 月入侵乌克兰时,几乎没有观察家想到战争会在今天继续进行。俄罗斯的计划者没有考虑到乌克兰军队的顽强抵抗,乌克兰从欧洲和北美得到的热情支持,或者他们自己军队的各种缺点。双方现在都在挖坑,战斗可能会持续数月,甚至数年。
为什么这场战争会拖延下去?大多数冲突都是短暂的。在过去的两个世纪里,大多数战争平均持续三到四个月。之所以如此简洁,很大程度上是因为战争是解决政治分歧的最糟糕方式。随着战斗的代价变得明显,对手通常会寻求解决方案。
当然,许多战争确实会持续更长时间。由于三个主要的战略原因,妥协未能实现:当领导者认为失败威胁到他们的生存时,当领导者对他们的力量和敌人的力量没有清晰的认识时,以及当领导者担心他们的对手将来会变得更强大时。在乌克兰,所有这些动态使战争继续进行。
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But these three tell only part of the story. Fundamentally, this war is also rooted in ideology. Russian President Vladimir Putin denies the validity of Ukrainian identity and statehood. Insiders speak of a government warped by its own disinformation, fanatical in its commitment to seize territory. Ukraine, for its part, has held unflinchingly to its ideals. The country’s leaders and people have shown themselves unwilling to sacrifice liberty or sovereignty to Russian aggression, no matter the price. Those who sympathize with such fervent convictions describe them as steadfast values. Skeptics criticize them as intransigence or dogma. Whatever the term, the implication is often the same: each side rejects realpolitik and fights on principle.
Russia and Ukraine are not unique in this regard, for ideological belief explains many long wars. Americans in particular should recognize their own revolutionary past in the clash of convictions that perpetuates the war in Ukraine. More and more democracies also look like Ukraine—where popular ideals make certain compromises abhorrent—and this intransigence lies behind many of the West’s twenty-first-century wars, including the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan. It is seldom acknowledged, but closely held principles and values often make peace elusive. The war in Ukraine is just the most recent example of a fight that grinds on not because of strategic dilemmas alone but because both sides find the idea of settlement repugnant.
WHY SOME WARS DON’T ENDWars begin and persist when leaders think they can secure a better outcome by fighting rather than through normal politics. Countries fight long wars for at least three calculated reasons. First, rulers who fear for their survival stay on the battlefield. If Putin believes defeat could end his regime, he has an incentive to keep fighting, whatever the consequences for Russians.
Second, wars persist in conditions of uncertainty—for instance, when both sides have only a fuzzy sense of their relative strength or when they underestimate the damaging consequences of the conflict. In many cases, a few months of battle dispel this fog. Fighting reveals each side’s might and resolve and clears up misperceptions. Rivals find a way to end the war by reaching an agreement that reflects the now visible balance of power. Most wars, as a result, are short.
But in some cases, the fog of war lifts slowly. Take the current situation in Ukraine. Ukrainian forces have exceeded everyone’s expectations, but it remains unclear whether they can drive Russian troops out of the country. A cold winter could erode Europe’s willingness to keep delivering funds and weapons to Ukraine. And the battlefield effects of Russia’s partial mobilization in September will only be apparent months from now. Amid such persistent uncertainties, rivals can find it harder to strike a peace deal.
Finally, some political scientists and historians argue that every long war has at its heart a “commitment problem”—that is, the inability on the part of one side or both to credibly commit to a peace deal because of anticipated shifts in the balance of power. Some call this the Thucydides Trap or a “preventive war”: one side launches an attack to lock in the current balance of power before it is lost. From Germany’s effort to prevent the rise of Russia in 1914 to the United States’ desire to stop Iraq from becoming a nuclear power in 2003, commitment problems drive many major wars. In those circumstances, bargains can unravel before they are even made.
The principles and obsessions of Ukrainian and Russian leaders fuel the conflict.At first glance, the war in Ukraine looks to be full of commitment problems. Whenever a European leader or a U.S. general suggests it is time to settle with Russia, Ukrainians, and their allies retort that it is Putin who cannot credibly commit to a deal. The Kremlin is hell-bent on gaining territory, they say, and its leader is politically and ideologically locked into his war aims. Settle now, Ukrainians warn, and Russia will simply regroup and attack again. Ukrainians, moreover, are in no mood to compromise with their oppressor. Even if Moscow could get a Ukrainian negotiator to agree to a cease-fire, the chances of the Ukrainian public or the Ukrainian parliament’s accepting even the tiniest loss of people or territory are slim. A popular backlash would scupper any negotiated deal.
Neither Russia’s resolve nor Ukraine’s, however, are traditional commitment problems stemming from strategic calculations and perceptions of shifts in power. Rather, immaterial forces make an accord difficult. The principles and obsessions of Ukrainian and Russian leaders fuel the conflict. There is no imminent deal because both sides prefer fighting to conceding.
ZEAL AND PURPOSEUkraine’s strident resistance to any suggestion of compromise is not unusual. The same intransigence recurs throughout history whenever colonized and oppressed peoples have decided to fight for their freedom against all odds. They reject subjugation for many reasons, including a mix of outrage and principle. Concessions—to imperialism, to domination—are simply abhorrent, even for the weak. As the anticolonial political philosopher Frantz Fanon wrote in his 1961 classic, The Wretched of the Earth, “We revolt simply because, for many reasons, we can no longer breathe.”
The parallels between Ukrainian resistance and the United States’ own revolution are especially striking. Then, as now, a superpower hoped to strengthen its grip on a weaker entity. In the 1760s and 1770s, Great Britain tried again and again to restrain the autonomy of the 13 colonies. British forces were militarily superior, and the colonists had no formal allies. Arguably, partial sovereignty and increased taxes were the best possible deal the colonists could demand from the hegemon. Still, many Americans rejected this bargain. Why? In a letter to Thomas Jefferson in 1815, John Adams wrote that the true revolution occurred in the “Minds of the People.” This was effected, he wrote, “in the course of 15 years before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington.” It came about, he observed a few years later, through a “radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections” of the colonists. To many, compromising on these principles by conceding to a British king was out of the question. In Ukraine, its autonomy assailed for nearly a decade by Putin, a similar resolve has emerged. Many Ukrainians refuse as a matter of principle to accept Russian claims to their land or to bend in the face of Russian aggression—especially when it means leaving their compatriots on the other side.
There are also parallels to an old, now neglected idea in the study of war: “indivisibility,” or an object, place, or set of principles that people convince themselves cannot be divided or compromised in any way. Some scholars used the concept to explain why holy sites and ethnic homelands can prompt long and divisive wars. Others dismissed it as a boutique explanation for a narrow class of conflicts, and indivisibilities drifted from academic attention. The concept is powerful, however, and applicable to a wide variety of conflicts. When the brave fighters in Ukraine or anti-imperial revolutionaries in colonial America and in European colonies in Africa refused to concede liberties, it was because they considered the tradeoffs too costly. A radical change in principles and popular sentiment made surrendering land and freedom politically infeasible.
The parallels between Ukrainian resistance and the U.S. revolution are striking. This phenomenon is far from rare, and it seems particularly prevalent in democracies. Arguably, principles and unacceptable compromises are one of the main reasons democratic countries end up waging long wars. Take the United States’ two-decade campaign in Afghanistan. Repeatedly, from 2002 through at least 2004, Taliban officials sought political deals with Hamid Karzai, who was then the Afghan president. But according to insiders interviewed by the historian Carter Malkasian, the George W. Bush administration’s view was that “all Taliban were bad.” Looking at the same period, the journalist Steve Coll noted how U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld announced that negotiation was “unacceptable to the United States” and that the U.S. policy toward the Taliban was “to bring justice to them or them to justice.” In both Malkasian’s and Coll’s accounts, the Bush administration steadfastly forbade Karzai from pursuing any settled peace.
Of course, the U.S. government had strategic reasons to doubt the Taliban’s sincerity. And in seeking the total military defeat of the Taliban, administration officials wanted to establish a reputation of strength and send a signal to other adversaries not to attack the United States. But it would be foolish to ignore the fact that, for almost two decades, U.S. leaders rejected the idea of negotiating with the Taliban as a matter of principle, not just one of calculated strategy.
The United States is not alone in its refusal to deal. Again and again, in confronting insurgents and terrorists in Iraq, Northern Ireland, the Palestinian territories, and a dozen other places, democratic governments have refused for years to even consider dialogue. Jonathan Powell, the British government’s chief negotiator in Northern Ireland from 1997 to 1999, lamented this situation in his 2015 book, Terrorists at the Table. He argued that demonizing the enemy and refusing all dialogue was shortsighted and invariably the cause of needless deaths. In Northern Ireland, the British government eventually realized that it needed to pursue a political process. Peace is impossible, Powell contends, if ideological barriers prevent leaders from negotiating.
THE PERIL OF PRINCIPLEYet events in Ukraine have not reached a point where Ukrainians can countenance compromise. Recently, realists such as Henry Kissinger and Stephen Walt have urged Ukraine to overcome its ideological barriers and trade some degree of sovereignty for peace. The difference between such realists and the idealists who want Ukraine to keep fighting is simple: they disagree on the cost of the concessions Ukraine might have to make to produce a deal and on the level of Russia’s ideological commitment to the conquest of its neighbor.
Make no mistake, there is a strategic case for the Ukrainians to fight on and for the West to support them. Still, resistance to Russia—and rejection of the kinds of distasteful compromises that might bring the war to a swift end—should also be understood as evidence of the abiding power of ideals and principles in geopolitics.
Such values and ideas will continue to play a leading role in the wars waged by democracies in the future. The West has grown steadily more rights based over time: it has become obligatory in many countries to abide by and defend certain liberal principles, whatever the consequences. The philosopher Michael Ignatieff calls this shift the Rights Revolution. These ideals should be celebrated, and Western governments should continue to try living up to them (even if they often fail). But if this tendency makes the West less inclined toward realpolitik—trading rights and principles for peace, or cutting deals with unpalatable autocrats—wars such as the one in Ukraine may become more frequent and more difficult to end.
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CHRISTOPHER BLATTMAN is Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at Columbia University. Follow him on Twitter @cblatts.
MORE BY CHRISTOPHER BLATTMAN
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