新新世界民族主义的“反噬”：为何他们不满北京对佩洛西访台的应对Perils of Preaching Nationalism Play Out on Chinese Social Media袁莉2022年8月4日 迎接众议院议长南希·佩洛西周三访问台湾台北。许多中国社交媒体用户对中国允许她的飞机降落表示失望。 CHIANG YING-YING/ASSOCIATED PRESSIt doesn’t often happen that ordinary Chinese say publicly that they’re disappointed with their government. That they’re ashamed of their government. That they want to renounce their Communist Party memberships. And that they think the People’s Liberation Army is a waste of taxpayers’ money. 普通中国人公开表达对政府失望的情况很是少见。他们说政府让他们蒙羞。他们想退出中国共产党。他们认为中国人民解放军是在浪费纳税人的钱。 It’s even rarer that such angry comments come from the kind of nationalists who usually support whatever their leaders demand of them. 而那些通常对领导人言听计从的民族主义者也有此类愤怒言论，就更是罕见了。 For much of Monday and Tuesday, many Chinese applauded the tough rhetoric from government, military and media personalities who were attempting to thwart Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s visit to Taiwan. Then, as Ms. Pelosi’s plane was touching down in Taiwan late Tuesday night, some social media users commented on how disappointed they were with Beijing’s lame response. 周一和周二的大部分时间里，许多中国人在赞扬政府、军方和媒体人物的强硬措辞，他们都表示要阻止南希·佩洛西议长访台。而后，佩洛西的飞机于周二晚在台湾降落，一些人在社交媒体上表示他们对北京的蹩脚应对何其不满。 No military action in the Taiwan Strait, as they felt they had been led to expect. No shoot-down, no missile attack, no fighter jet flying next to Ms. Pelosi’s plane. Just some denunciations and announcements of military exercises. 他们预计台湾海峡会有军事行动，但什么也没发生。没有击落行动、没有导弹攻击、没有战斗机伴飞佩洛西的飞机。只有一些谴责和军演宣告。 Many people complained that they felt let down and lied to by the government. “Don’t put on a show of power if you don’t have the power,” wrote a Weibo user with the handle @shanshanmeiyoulaichi2hao shortly after the flight’s landing. “What a loss of face!” 许多人不满地表示政府辜负、欺骗了他们。“你不行就不要造这么大的势，”网名为“@shanshanmeiyoulaichi2hao”的微博用户在飞机落地后不久说。“真的是丢人现眼！” The user went on to say that the government didn’t deserve the people who had waited for hours to witness how history could be made. “A great nation. How ironic!” 这位用户接着说，政府愧对那些等待数小时希望见证历史的人。“泱泱大国，真够讽刺的！” The strong online emotions showed the complexity of the public opinion that Beijing will have to manage if it decides to invade Taiwan. And they demonstrated how nationalism is a double-edged sword that can be easily turned against the government. Some antiwar comments that managed to evade the censors, if only for a moment, also opened a window onto the psychological impact of the Ukrainian war on the Chinese public. 网民的激烈情绪显示了公共舆论的复杂性，这是北京在入侵台湾的决策上需要面对的问题。由此可以看到，民族主义是一把双刃剑，随时可能反过来针对政府。一些反战言论得以逃过审查，即便只是一时的存在，也让人得以窥见乌克兰战争给中国公众造成的心理冲击。 佩洛西周三与台湾总统蔡英文会面。 GETTY IMAGESSome users compared the People’s Liberation Army to the Chinese men’s soccer team, a laughingstock in the country because it has qualified for the World Cup only once. They sneered at the announcement that the P.L.A. would conduct military exercises near Taiwan. “Save some gas,” said one WeChat user. “It’s very expensive now,” responded another. 一些用户将解放军比作中国男足，由于迄今只有一次打入世界杯，这支球队在中国一直是被嘲讽的对象。他们对军方在台湾附近军演的宣告嗤之以鼻。“省点油吧，”一名微博用户说。“现在挺贵的，”另一人说。 On WeChat, the comments section for a short video about a military exercise became a board for dissatisfied people to whine. Among thousands of comments, a few Communist Party members said they would like to quit out of shame. A military veteran said he would probably never mention his army experience again. “Too angry to fall asleep,” commented a user with the handle @xiongai. 在微信上，一条关于军演的短视频的评论区成了表达不满情绪的论坛。数千条评论中，有一些共产党员说他们因为觉得丢脸想要退党。一名退伍军人说他可能再也不会跟人说自己的从军经历了。“我气的睡不着，”一位网名“@xiongai”的用户说。 The comments section was later closed. 这则短视频的评论区后来被关闭。 Many users seemed especially disappointed with the foreign ministry. “When China said ‘strongly condemn’ and ‘solemnly declare’, it was only for the purpose of amusing ordinary folks like us,” wrote a Weibo user with the handle @shizhendemaolulu, referring to the language that foreign ministry spokespersons used about Ms. Pelosi’s visit. 有些用户对外交部似乎格外不满。“太失望了！中方：强烈谴责！严正声明！原来都只是说给我们老百姓图一乐啊，”网名“@shizhendemaolulu”的用户这样评论外交部发言人回应佩洛西访台使用的措辞。 “So tough when it comes to domestic governance and so cowardly in foreign affairs,” the user wrote. “Utterly disappointed!” “对国内统治那么严，一出去就怂，”这名用户写道。“彻底失望了！” On Wednesday afternoon, a spokeswoman for the foreign ministry, Hua Chunying, responded to a question about the public’s disappointment by saying that she believed the Chinese people were rational patriots and that they had confidence in their country and their government. 周三下午，外交部发言人华春莹在回答有关公众失望情绪的问题时说，她相信中国人民是理性的爱国者，他们对自己的国家和政府有信心。 The Chinese Communist Party has used nationalism as a governing tool since the Mao era. Xi Jinping, China’s current paramount leader, took it to a new level. “Nationalism is becoming a core pillar of both the party’s and Xi’s personal political legitimacy,” Kevin Rudd, the chief executive of the Asia Society and a former prime minister of Australia, wrote in his book “The Avoidable War: The Dangers of a Catastrophic Conflict Between the U.S. and Xi Jinping’s China.” 自毛泽东时代以来，中国共产党一直将民族主义作为一种执政工具。中国现任最高领导人习近平将其提升到一个新的高度。亚洲协会首席执行官、前澳大利亚总理陆克文在其著作《可避免的战争——美国与习近平的中国之间发生灾难性冲突的危险》(The Avoidable War: The Dangers of a Catastrophic Conflict Between the U.S. and Xi Jinping’s China)中写道：“民族主义正成为党和习近平个人政治合法性的核心支柱。” 周二晚上，人们在佩洛西下榻的台北酒店外抗议她的访问。 ANNABELLE CHIH/GETTY IMAGESThe unification of Taiwan, a self-ruling democracy that Beijing considers part of its territory, with the mainland is a centerpiece of Chinese nationalism. 台湾是一个自治的民主岛屿，北京认为该岛是其领土的一部分，而台湾与大陆的统一是中国民族主义的核心。 But as Mr. Rudd and others argue, it has sometimes proven difficult to control the nationalist genie once it is released from the bottle. “This problem has become progressively larger under Xi Jinping, as nationalist appeals have moved from the margins to the center of the Chinese propaganda apparatus across the board,” he wrote. 但正如陆克文等人所说的那样，事实证明，民族主义这个精灵一旦从瓶子里被释放出来，有时很难控制住。“在习近平的领导下，这个问题逐渐变大，因为民族主义的诉求已经从边缘地带全面转移到中国宣传机器的中心，”他写道。 The online backlash this week is an example. 本周网上的反弹就是一个例子。 Most Chinese didn’t pay very much attention to Ms. Pelosi’s pending Taiwan visit until Monday afternoon, when a flurry of official and semiofficial statements led many to believe that China could take tough, possibly military, actions to deter it. 大多数中国人并未对佩洛西即将到来的台湾之行给予太多关注，直到周一下午，当时一系列官方和半官方声明让很多人相信，中国可能会采取强硬行动来阻止佩洛西，可能是军事行动。 Zhao Lijian, a foreign ministry spokesperson who may be China’s best-known “wolf warrior” diplomat, warned the United States on Monday that the P.L.A. would “never sit idly by. China will definitely take resolute and strong countermeasures to defend its own sovereignty and territorial integrity.” On the website of People’s Daily, the official newspaper of the Communist Party, a two-paragraph article about his comments was viewed 2.7 million times. 外交部发言人赵立坚可能是中国最知名的“战狼”外交官，他在周一警告美国，解放军“绝不会坐视不管。必将采取坚决应对和有力反制措施，捍卫自身主权和领土完整”。在中国共产党官方报纸《人民日报》的网站上，关于其评论的两段文字的阅读量达到了270万。 That evening, the P.L.A.’s Eastern Theater Command, which covers Taiwan, posted on Weibo that it was waiting for the order to fight and would “bury all invading enemies.” The post was liked more than a million times, and the embedded video, featuring footage of bombings and explosions, has had more than 47 million views. 当天晚上，覆盖台湾的解放军东部战区的司令部在微博上发帖称，他们正在等待战斗命令，并将“埋葬一切来犯之敌”。这条微博被点赞100多万次，其中包括轰炸和爆炸镜头的视频被观看了4700多万次。 And then there’s Hu Xijin, the retired editor in chief of Global Times, the Communist Party tabloid that has played probably the biggest role in stoking Chinese nationalism over the past three decades. 还有《环球时报》的退休总编辑胡锡进。过去30年里，这份共产党小报在煽动中国民族主义方面可能扮演了最重要的角色。 Mr. Hu first suggested on Twitter last week that China should shoot down Ms. Pelosi’s plane if she visited Taiwan. On Weibo, he called on his nearly 25 million followers to “support all the countermeasures by the government and share the hatred of the enemy.” 胡锡进上周在Twitter上首先提出，如果佩洛西访问台湾，中国应该击落她的飞机。在微博上，他呼吁自己的近2500万粉丝“支持官方的所有反制行动，同仇敌忾”。 “We will definitely launch strong countermeasures to hit the U.S. and Taiwan,” he wrote on Tuesday. “So hard that the Taiwan authorities will regret it.” “我们一定会有强有力的反制措施出台，打痛美台，”他在周二写道。“尤其要打得台湾当局后悔。” After Ms. Pelosi’s plane landed in Taipei, China issued many strongly worded condemnations and announced an intimidating array of military exercises around Taiwan. But the lack of any direct military action left many nationalists feeling shortchanged. Their heroes, including Mr. Hu and Mr. Zhao, lost some of their halos. 佩洛西的飞机在台北降落后，中国发表了许多措辞强烈的谴责，并宣布在台湾周边举行一系列令人生畏的军事演习。但由于没有采取任何直接的军事行动，许多民族主义者感到受骗了。他们心目中的英雄，包括胡锡进和赵立坚，失去了一些光环。 Now they have mocked Mr. Zhao by posting a short video of him making tough statements on Monday. 现在，他们又发布了一段赵立坚周一发表强硬声明的短视频，以此来嘲讽赵立坚。 Late Tuesday night, Mr. Hu’s Weibo account was flooded with angry, sarcastic and abusive comments. “If I were you, I would be so embarrassed that I would not dare to say another word and hide until the day of Taiwan’s reunification,” commented a Weibo user with the handle @KAGI_02. 周二深夜，胡锡进的微博账户被愤怒、讽刺和辱骂的言论淹没。一位网名“@KAGI_02”的微博用户评论道：“我是你的话现在我都不敢发一声，非得躲到台湾统一那一天才出来。” 周三，台湾外交部长吴钊燮（左）与佩洛西。 TAIWAN MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESSRen Yi, a Harvard-educated nationalistic blogger, wrote a searing commentary early Wednesday morning, urging that Mr. Hu’s influence be reined in. 哈佛大学毕业的民族主义博主任意周三早上发表了一篇尖锐的评论，敦促遏制胡锡进的影响。 In a Weibo post, Mr. Ren said the public’s unmet high expectations could hurt the government’s credibility. He blamed those unrealistic expectations on Mr. Hu, saying that his posts had been taken too seriously because he once ran a party newspaper. 任意在微博发文称，一旦公众的高度期待未能实现，可能会损害政府的公信力。他将这些不切实际的期望归咎于胡锡进，称因为他曾经做过党报主编，人们把他的帖子太当真了。 Mr. Ren isn’t the only person who wants to dethrone Mr. Hu, who is now a Global Times columnist, from his position as the most influential Chinese journalist. Other commentators and social media personalities are also asking that he be held accountable. Mr. Hu wrote on Weibo on Wednesday morning that he’d become a “punching bag.” 胡锡进现在是《环球时报》的专栏作家，站在中国最有影响力的记者的位置上，想把他从这个位置上赶下去的人并非只有任意一人。其他评论员和社交媒体人士也要求追究他的责任。周三早上，胡锡进在微博上写道，他成了一个“出气筒”。 广告 But some comments also pointed out that Mr. Hu was just one part of China’s response to Ms. Pelosi’s visit, and suggested that all the blame being pointed toward him could signal that the government might be looking for a scapegoat. 但也有评论指出，胡锡进只是中国对佩洛西访华的回应之一，并暗示把所有责任都指向他可能表明政府可能正在寻找替罪羊。 There are antiwar voices on Chinese social media, too. Some people argued that only online warmongers should be sent to the front lines. Some parents are worried that their children could be conscripted. Others tried to urge their compatriots to look at Ukraine and Russia to understand that war means death and economic destruction. 中国社交媒体上也有反战的声音。有人认为，只有网络好战分子才应该被派往前线。一些家长担心孩子会被征召入伍。还有人试图敦促他们的同胞看看乌克兰和俄罗斯，以了解战争意味着死亡和经济毁灭。 Zou Sicong, a writer who’s been traveling in Poland for the past few months, urged people on WeChat to have a realistic understanding of war, saying that he had learned about what Ukrainians and ordinary Russians had experienced. 几个月来一直在波兰旅行的作家邹思聪在微信上呼吁人们对战争要有现实的认识，他说他了解到乌克兰人和普通俄罗斯人的经历。 People should be glad that nothing happened on Tuesday night, he said. “You should feel lucky that you can still do your business, pay your mortgage, go to work tomorrow, get tested for Covid and live,” he wrote. “Please pray for yourself and your loved ones that we can get out of this approaching storm intact.” 他说，人们应该为周二晚上无事发生感到高兴：“你应该庆幸，你的小生意还可以做，还可以还房贷，还可以明天去上班，做核酸，活着，”他写道。“请祈祷你自己和你在乎的人，能完好无损地走出这场越来越近在眼前的风暴。” 佩洛西和她的随行人员抵达台北，与人权活动人士会面。 SAM YEH/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES 袁莉为《纽约时报》撰写“新新世界”专栏，专注中国及亚洲科技、商业和政治交叉议题。欢迎在Twitter上关注她：@liyuan6。 翻译：纽约时报中文网 点击查看本文英文版。 相关报道佩洛西访台或削弱美国与亚太盟友关系2022年8月4日 中国真的能“武统”台湾吗？2022年8月3日 佩洛西访问台湾立法院，与蔡英文会面2022年8月3日 佩洛西访台，恐引发美中紧张对峙2022年8月2日 台湾人如何看待佩洛西访台行程？2022年8月2日 最受欢迎中国真的能“武统”台湾吗？ 佩洛西访台或削弱美国与亚太盟友统一战线 中国进行“锁台军演”，美国官员担忧擦枪走火 万众瞩目的航班：佩洛西专机为何绕行一圈才抵达台湾？ 为什么佩洛西的访台计划无比鲁莽、不负责任 面对一个恃强凌弱的中国，佩洛西不应退缩 佩洛西访台唤醒台海危机记忆 台湾人如何看待佩洛西访台行程？ 佩洛西访问台湾立法院，与蔡英文会面 佩洛西抵达台湾，美国官员25年来对台最高级别访问 国际 中国 商业与经济 镜头 科技 科学 健康 教育 文化 风尚 旅游 房地产 观点与评论 免费下载 纽约时报中文网 iOS 和 Android App 点击下载iOS App点击下载Android App点击下载Android APK © 2022 The New York Times Company.