布林肯访问中亚，与中俄争夺影响力In Central Asia, Blinken Will Urge Distance From Russia, and Ukraine War黄安伟, ANTON TROIANOVSKI, STANLEY REED2023年2月28日 美国国务卿布林肯将与五个中亚共和国的外长举行会晤。 KEVIN LAMARQUE/REUTERSSecretary of State Antony J. Blinken is flying on Tuesday into the heart of what Moscow considers its sphere of influence to urge senior Central Asian officials convening in Kazakhstan to maintain independence from Russia and China. 周二，国务卿布林肯飞抵被莫斯科视为势力范围的心脏地带，敦促在哈萨克斯坦会晤的中亚高官维持其独立于俄罗斯和中国的状态。 The meetings come at a critical juncture in American efforts to head off Moscow’s global efforts to seek economic aid — and in some cases military aid — as the United States and its allies rush new weapons into Ukraine to try to give the Ukrainians a battlefield advantage over Russian troops. 此番会晤正值美国努力阻止莫斯科在全球范围内寻求经济援助，以及某些情况下的军事援助的关键时刻，美国及盟友正在向乌克兰运送新武器，试图让乌军在战场上获得对抗俄军的优势。 Mr. Blinken’s trip is the first by any Biden cabinet official to Central Asia, while both President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia and President Xi Jinping of China — who are competing to expand their nations’ influence across the region — made visits in September. 布林肯是首位访问中亚的拜登内阁官员，俄罗斯总统普京和中国国家主席习近平都已在去年9月进行了访问，他们正在竞相扩大本国在该地区的影响力。 Foreign ministers from five Central Asian republics that broke away from the Soviet Union — Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan — are scheduled to meet one on one with Mr. Blinken and to hold formal group discussions with him and other senior U.S. officials. The United States knows these nations, which still have strong ties to Moscow, are unlikely to strain those relations. 哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦这五个脱离苏联的中亚共和国外长计划与布林肯单独会晤，并与他和其他美国高级官员举行正式磋商。这些国家仍与莫斯科关系牢固，不太可能就此转向，美国对此心知肚明。 But American officials have noted the skeptical remarks that some top Central Asian officials, including in Kazakhstan, have made about Mr. Putin and his invasion of Ukraine, another former Soviet republic. The Biden administration aims to exploit that as it seeks to isolate Moscow and keep up sanctions meant to impede its efforts to continue the war. 但美国官员注意到，包括哈萨克斯坦在内的一些中亚高官对普京本人及其入侵乌克兰之举提出质疑，乌克兰也是前苏联加盟共和国。拜登政府打算借此机会寻求孤立莫斯科，并继续实施旨在阻止其延续战争的制裁。 Mr. Blinken’s trip is part of a concerted effort by the United States to bolster Ukraine, which included President Biden’s unannounced trip to Kyiv last week and Treasury Secretary Janet L. Yellen’s visit on Monday to the Ukrainian capital to announce the transfer of $1.25 billion in economic and budget assistance to Ukraine to keep its government operating. 布林肯此行属于美国政府通力合作支持乌克兰的努力，这些工作还包括拜登总统上周突然访问基辅，以及财政部长珍妮特·耶伦周一在乌克兰首都宣布提供12.5亿美元的经济和预算援助，帮助乌克兰政府维持运作。 After Kazakhstan, Mr. Blinken is scheduled to have meetings in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on Wednesday and then travel to India for a conference of foreign ministers of the Group of 20 nations. 在访问哈萨克斯坦之后，布林肯将于周三前往乌兹别克斯坦的塔什干会晤官员，随后再到印度参加20国集团(G20)的外长会议。 What is at stake for the United States? 美国在其中有什么利害关系？ The main context is the war in Ukraine. 乌克兰战争是主要背景。 “Our main goal is to show that the United States is a reliable partner,” Donald Lu, the U.S. assistant secretary of state for South Asia and Central Asia, said in a news briefing on Friday. “And we see the difficulties that these economies are facing — high food prices, high fuel prices, high unemployment, difficulty in exporting their goods, slow post-Covid recovery and a large influx of migrants from Russia.” “我们的主要目标是表明美国是一个可靠的伙伴，”负责南亚及中亚事务的助理国务卿陆雨桥(Donald Lu)在上周五的新闻发布会表示。“我们也了解这些经济体正面临的困境——食品燃料价格高企，失业率高居不下，商品出口困难，疫情后复苏缓慢，还有俄罗斯移民大量涌入。” But American officials say they are cleareyed about their goals. They do not believe that many of the Central Asian nations that have tried to remain neutral in the war will announce bold statements soon against Russia since they have decades-long ties to Moscow, including military relations. But they are at least hoping to keep the countries from helping Russia evade Western sanctions or giving it diplomatic support on war-related issues in venues such as the United Nations. 但美国官员表示，他们的目标非常明确。他们不指望这些在战争中试图保持中立的中亚国家很快发出反对俄罗斯的大胆宣言，因为它们与莫斯科牵连数十载，其中包括军事关系。但美方至少希望能阻止这些国家帮助俄罗斯规避西方制裁，也不要在联合国等场合就战争相关议题给予俄罗斯外交支持。 None of the Central Asian nations voted yes on the United Nations resolution last week calling for Russia to withdraw its troops from Ukraine and to agree to a lasting peace recognizing Ukraine’s full sovereignty. 上周，联合国的一项决议要求俄罗斯从乌克兰撤军，并承认乌克兰的完整主权，实现持久和平。但无一中亚国家投出赞成票。 对于联合国要求俄罗斯从乌克兰撤军的决议，中亚国家无一投出赞成票。 TIMOTHY A. CLARY/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGESWhat is the state of Russia’s relations with Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan? 俄罗斯与哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦的关系如何？ Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are walking a treacherous geopolitical path between the biggest players in their neighborhood: Russia and China. Russia remains their most important partner when it comes to security, although China has been increasingly asserting itself and building economic ties, especially since Moscow seems distracted by the war in Ukraine. 哈萨克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦正在中俄这两个最大邻国之间走地缘政治的危险钢索。尽管中国趁莫斯科似乎被乌克兰战争分散注意力之机，不断在这个地区展示力量并建立经济往来，但在国家安全问题上，俄罗斯仍是其最重要的伙伴。 Kazakhstan is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, Russia’s answer to NATO, and when violent street protests in Kazakhstan threatened to bring down President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in January 2022, Russia led a contingent of 2,500 troops to quell the unrest. 哈萨克斯坦是集体安全条约组织成员国，该组织是俄罗斯对北约的回应。2022年1月，哈萨克斯坦的街头暴力抗议威胁推翻卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫总统，俄罗斯派遣2500人的部队镇压了骚乱。 But neither Kazakhstan nor Uzbekistan has voiced support for the war in Ukraine or recognized Mr. Putin’s attempted annexation of four Ukrainian regions. The countries have taken in tens of thousands of Russians seeking to avoid Moscow’s draft. 但哈萨克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦都没有公开支持乌克兰战争，也没有承认普京吞并乌克兰四个地区的企图。两国已接纳数以万计躲避莫斯科征兵令的俄罗斯人。 去年，哈萨克斯坦首都阿斯塔纳。该国接纳了躲避莫斯科征兵令的俄罗斯人。 VYACHESLAV OSELEDKO/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGESAnd last summer, in a move that surprised many, Mr. Tokayev pushed back openly against Mr. Putin while sharing a stage with him at an economic conference in St. Petersburg, declaring that Kazakhstan would not recognize the “quasi-state territories” that Russia was propping up in eastern Ukraine. On Feb. 16, Mr. Tokayev spoke by phone with President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine to discuss “humanitarian ties” between their countries. 去年夏天，托卡耶夫在圣彼得堡的一场经济峰会上与普京同台，并公开回击普京，声称哈萨克斯坦不会承认俄罗斯在乌克兰东部扶植的“准国家领土”，这一举动令许多人感到意外。2月16日，托卡耶夫与乌克兰总统泽连斯基通电话，讨论了两国的“人道主义联络”。 In previous statements, Central Asian countries have made clear that they support their own continued independence and sovereignty. 在此前的表态中，中亚各国均明确表示支持本国继续保持独立和主权。 Still, Kazakhstan’s Foreign Ministry issued a statement on Saturday in support of China’s peace initiative for Ukraine, which Western officials derided as Beijing’s attempt to give diplomatic cover to Moscow as it continues waging war. 但哈萨克斯坦外交部周六发布公告，支持了中国对乌克兰问题的和平倡议。西方官员讽刺称，这是北京试图在莫斯科继续发动战争的情况下为其提供的外交掩护。 How is Russia reacting to Mr. Blinken’s trip? 俄罗斯对布林肯的访问反应如何？ Russia’s response has been muted so far. But Mr. Blinken’s visit is sure to be viewed as provocative by some in Moscow. At the same time, the Kremlin appears to be trying to avoid being seen as pushing too hard at a moment when its relations with countries in the region are fragile. 到目前为止，俄罗斯对此的反应很平静。但布林肯的访问必然会被莫斯科的一些人当作挑衅。与此同时，在俄罗斯与该地区国家关系脆弱之际，克里姆林宫似乎在尽力避免被视为过于强硬。 According to Temur Umarov, an analyst at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Mr. Putin held more than 50 meetings — online and in person — with Central Asian leaders in 2022. It was also a rare year in which Mr. Putin visited all five Central Asian nations. 根据卡内基国际和平研究院研究员马铁木(Temur Umarov)的统计，普京在2022年与中亚领导人举行了50多次线上和面对面会晤。他也在这一年罕见地访问了中亚全部五个国家。 去年，哈萨克斯坦总统卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫与俄罗斯总统普京在莫斯科。 POOL PHOTO BY MIKHAIL KLIMENTYEV“Moscow does not demand unswerving allegiance, otherwise the pressure being applied would be far, far greater,” Mr. Umarov wrote in December, describing Russia’s approach to Central Asia in the past year. “In any case, it can hardly afford to lose its few remaining allies.” “莫斯科不要求坚定不移地效忠，否则它施加的压力会大得多，”马铁木在去年12月描述俄罗斯过去一年对中亚立场时写道。“无论如何，俄罗斯都难以承受失去仅存的几个盟友的后果。” What are the U.S. economic interests in Central Asia? 美国在中亚有何经济利益？ Kazakhstan has some of the world’s largest oil fields outside the Middle East. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, investments worth tens of billions of dollars by international oil companies, including Chevron and ExxonMobil, have helped make the former Soviet republic a sizable petroleum producer. 哈萨克斯坦拥有除中东之外全世界规模最大的油田。苏联解体后，雪佛龙和埃克森美孚灯国际石油企业都对这个前苏联共和国进行了数百亿美元的投资，助其发展成为一个规模可观的石油生产国。 The involvement of American companies — and their role in helping build the Kazakh economy — has helped sustain relations between the United States and Kazakhstan. 美国企业的参与及其在哈萨克斯坦经济发展中起到的作用，都有助于维护美国与哈萨克斯坦的关系。 位于哈萨克斯坦曼吉斯套州的一座石油泵站。 PAVEL MIKHEYEV/REUTERSBut Russia also plays a role in Kazakhstan’s oil-focused economy. Most of Kazakhstan’s oil exports travel through a long pipeline that ends at Russia’s Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. 但俄罗斯也在哈萨克斯坦以石油为主的经济中发挥着作用。哈萨克斯坦出口的大部分石油都要通过一条很长的管道输送到俄罗斯的黑海港口新罗西斯克。 The pipeline could provide a pressure point for Moscow to strike back against U.S. sanctions. It probably helps that Russia is a large shareholder in the pipeline, which also carries some Russian oil, so it has a financial interest in maintaining the pipeline’s flow. 该管道可能会成为莫斯科反击美国制裁的关键所在。这条管道还在输送部分俄罗斯石油，作为其大股东，俄罗斯大概率能够受益，因此它有维持管道继续输油的经济动机。 黄安伟(Edward Wong)是一名外交与国际新闻记者，在时报任职超过20年，其中13年驻伊拉克和中国进行报道。他因关于伊拉克战争的报道获得了利文斯顿奖，也曾入选普利策奖候选名单。他是哈佛大学尼曼学者，并在普林斯顿大学和加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校担任新闻学客座教授。欢迎在Twitter上关注他： @ewong。 Anton Troianovski是《纽约时报》莫斯科分社社长。他此前任《华盛顿邮报》莫斯科分社社长，还曾在《华尔街日报》供职九年，驻柏林和纽约。欢迎在Twitter上关注他：@antontroian。 Stanley Reed自2012年起在伦敦为时报撰写能源、环境和中东新闻。此前他是《商业周刊》杂志的伦敦分社社长。欢迎在Twitter和Facebook上关注他。 翻译：纽约时报中文网 点击查看本文英文版。 相关报道中国发布乌克兰战争立场文件2023年2月27日 中国试图修复中欧关系但面临难题2023年2月22日 对俄提供武器？北京指美国散布谎言2023年2月21日 一个气球引发的美中外交危机2023年2月16日 最受欢迎香港名媛碎尸案引发轰动，其前夫等四人被捕 中国发布乌克兰战争立场文件，西方反应冷淡 美国能源部称新冠大流行可能源自中国实验室意外泄漏 白俄罗斯总统即将访华，中国对俄立场或将承受更多压力 “兔死狐悲、唇亡齿寒”：包凡事件打击中国商界信心 中国努力推动国民生育，但是否为时已晚？ 对于美国来说，中国到底有多危险？ 为何西方未能成功孤立俄罗斯 中国医保改革个人账户“缩水”，多地老年人抗议 关于中国医保运行机制及其变化，你应该知道的 国际 中国 商业与经济 镜头 科技 科学 健康 教育 文化 风尚 旅游 房地产 观点与评论 免费下载 纽约时报中文网 iOS 和 Android App 点击下载iOS App点击下载Android App点击下载Android APK © 2023 The New York Times Company.