欧洲多国领导人接连访问中国，权衡对华战略Even as U.S. Beckons, European Leaders Head to BeijingSTEVEN ERLANGER, MATINA STEVIS-GRIDNEFF2023年3月30日 德国总理朔尔茨（右四）11月在北京与中国总理李克强（左五）举行会谈。 POOL PHOTO BY KAY NIETFELDBRUSSELS — Germany’s chancellor, Olaf Scholz, went in November. Charles Michel of the European Council in December. Spain’s prime minister, Pedro Sánchez, is visiting this week. Next week it’s France’s president, Emmanuel Macron, together with the European Commission president, Ursula von der Leyen. 布鲁塞尔——去年11月，德国总理朔尔茨访华。12月，欧洲理事会主席米歇尔访华。西班牙首相桑切斯本周将到访北京。下周是法国总统马克龙和欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩。 European leaders have been making a beeline to Beijing, weighing their strategy toward China just as the United States intensifies pressure to pick sides in the growing acrimony between the two superpowers. 欧洲领导人陆续直奔北京，斟酌他们的对华战略，而美国正加大压力，要求他们在两个超级大国之间日益激烈的争吵中选边站。 The flurry of diplomatic activity coincides with China’s announcement of “unlimited partnership” with Russia and Beijing’s awkward effort to mediate the war in Ukraine. China’s growing closeness to Moscow has placed Europe in a difficult spot. 在这一连串外交活动的同时，中国宣布与俄罗斯建立“无上限伙伴关系”，还为调解乌克兰战争付出了不无狼狈的努力。中俄关系的日益密切把欧洲置于一个困难处境。 On the one hand, the war in Ukraine has brought deep alignment between the European Union and the United States, which have stood united in opposition to Russia’s invasion. On the other, China is a key trading and investment partner that major European powers, especially Germany, cannot afford to alienate. 一方面，乌克兰战争加深了欧盟和美国的联盟关系，它们团结一致反对俄罗斯的入侵。另一方面，中国是欧洲主要大国——尤其是德国——无法割舍的重要贸易和投资伙伴。 At the same time, Western European countries like Germany, France and Spain, while supporting Ukraine, would like a more rapid diplomatic conclusion to the war. They see China as a possible restraint on Russia and a voice Vladimir V. Putin, Russia’s president, must listen to. And they remain hopeful that China, if not a neutral mediator, could play an important role to guarantee any eventual settlement. 与此同时，德国、法国和西班牙等西欧国家虽然支持乌克兰，但希望以外交方式更为迅速地结束战争。他们认为中国也许能够约束俄罗斯，并且俄罗斯总统普京一定会聆听北京的声音。他们仍然希望中国——即便不是作为一个中立的调解人，也能发挥重要作用，以保证最终达成解决方案。 Europe’s bind has induced no shortage of magical thinking. “It’s interesting to see the level of panic on the side of the Europeans and their slightly delusional approach,” said Janka Oertel, the director for Asia for the European Council on Foreign Relations in Berlin. 欧洲的难题引发了不少异想天开的想法。“看到欧洲人的恐慌程度以及他们抱有幻想的做法，很有意思，”柏林的欧洲外交关系委员会亚洲事务主任扬卡·厄特尔说。 She noted that China’s leader, Xi Jinping, has just been to Moscow and reconfirmed his partnership with Mr. Putin and their joint desire to create a new world order. Now, she said, “to go to Beijing and say, ‘We go to get China to contribute to peace’ is extraordinary.” 她指出，中国领导人习近平刚刚访问了莫斯科，并重申了他与普京的伙伴关系以及他们建立新世界秩序的共同愿望。她说，现在“跑去北京说‘我们去让中国为和平做贡献’，可真是难以置信。” Europe should warn China of severe consequences if it supplies Russia with military equipment and ammunition, Ms. Oertel said. 厄特尔表示，欧洲应该警告中国，向俄罗斯提供军事装备和弹药将带来严重后果。 What the visits to Beijing achieve instead, she said, is to send an important signal to Washington: “It tells the Americans that we care about that relationship with China.” 她说，访华实际在向华盛顿发出一个重要信号：“这是在告诉美国人，我们在乎与中国的关系。” Some of the recent and scheduled visits to Beijing by European leaders were originally conceived as economically focused and postponed because of the pandemic, but Mr. Xi’s new coziness with Mr. Putin in the midst of the standoff over Ukraine has shifted the topic of conversation, and the world’s attention. 欧洲领导人近期以及计划中的访华之行有一些当初本来是以经济为重点，后来因大流行而推迟，但习近平在乌克兰僵局中与普京新形成的亲密关系转移了谈话的主题，也转移了世界的注意力。 China would like nothing more than to divide Europe from the United States, and is eager to stress that a better footing would not only be good for business, but also benefit Europe’s quest for “strategic autonomy” — maintaining its independence of action, even from the United States. 中国只想将欧洲与美国分开，并急于强调，更好的立足点不仅有利于商业，而且有利于欧洲寻求“战略自主”——保持其行动的独立性，甚至免受美国影响。 欧洲领导人近期以及计划中的访华之行，有一些当初本来是以经济为重点，后来因大流行而推迟，但习近平在乌克兰僵局中与普京新形成的亲密关系转移了谈话的主题，也转移了世界的注意力。 TYLER HICKS/THE NEW YORK TIMESWashington, for its part, would like the Europeans more firmly on its side and for the newly enhanced trans-Atlantic relationship, described by E.U. diplomats as the best it has been in decades, to include clearer alignment against China. 华盛顿方面则希望欧洲人更坚定地站在美国一边，并希望新近加强的跨大西洋关系——被欧盟外交官描述为几十年来最好的关系——涵盖对中国明确一致的反对立场。 European countries, which do not see China as a peer rival but as an increasingly troubling trading partner, would prefer that the Americans stop pushing them to adopt a tougher stance against Beijing. 欧洲国家并不将中国视为对等的竞争对手，而是一个日益令人不安的贸易伙伴，它们更希望美国人不要再敦促它们对北京采取更强硬的立场。 Diplomats said that in meetings with the U.S. authorities, for example, American policymakers have described the close coordination of E.U.-U.S. sanctions against Russia as a blueprint for possible future sanctions against China, should there be a military move against Taiwan. 外交官们表示，例如，在与美国当局的会晤中，美国政策制定者表示，如果中国针对台湾进行军事行动，欧盟和美国现在联合对俄制裁的密切协调到时候可能成为对华制裁的蓝图。 That kind of talk, the diplomats said, has unsettled European governments, which view their interests best served by not picking sides between Washington and Beijing, especially not so early in what is becoming a superpower standoff. 外交官们称，这种谈话让欧洲各国政府感到不安，他们认为最好不要在华盛顿和北京之间选边站队，尤其是在超级大国对峙的早期，这样才最符合他们的利益。 The Chinese government, meanwhile, argues that the United States does not have Europe’s best interests at heart when it comes to Ukraine. 与此同时，中国政府则认为，在乌克兰问题上，美国并没有把欧洲的最佳利益放在心上。 Last month at the Munich Security Conference, Wang Yi, China’s newly appointed foreign-policy chief, sharply criticized the United States, appealing to Europeans to act on their own. 上个月，在慕尼黑安全会议上，中国新任命的外交政策负责人王毅尖锐批评了美国，呼吁欧洲人自主行动。 “We need to think calmly, especially our friends in Europe, about what efforts should be made to stop the warfare; what framework should there be to bring lasting peace to Europe; what role should Europe play to manifest its strategic autonomy,” he said. “我们大家要开始冷静地思考，特别是欧洲的朋友们，要思考我们到底做出什么样的努力才能使这场战事停下来；我们到底要搭一个什么样的架构，才能使欧洲得到长治久安；我们到底要发挥什么样的作用，才能使欧洲真正的实现战略自主，”他说。 He suggested that Washington wanted the war to weaken Russia. “Some forces might not want to see peace talks to materialize,” he said. “They don’t care about the life and death of Ukrainians or the harm on Europe. They might have strategic goals larger than Ukraine itself.” 他暗示，华盛顿希望通过这场战争削弱俄罗斯。“可能有些势力不想让和谈取得成功，”他说。“他们关心的不是乌克兰人民的死活，也不是欧洲受到的越来越大的伤害。他们恐怕有比乌克兰更大的战略目标。” 中国领导人习近平和俄罗斯总统普京本月在莫斯科克里姆林宫举行会晤。 SERGEY KARPUHIN/SPUTNIK, VIA SHUTTERSTOCKChina has been engaged in a renewed charm offensive in Brussels, with the newly appointed ambassador Fu Cong, who took office in December, speaking warmly of China and the European Union as “two major forces upholding world peace, two big markets promoting shared development, and two great civilizations promoting human progress.” 中国在布鲁塞尔再次展开魅力攻势，去年12月上任的新任驻欧盟大使傅聪热情地称中欧是“维护世界和平的两大力量，促进共同发展的两大市场，推动人类进步的两大文明”。 The Chinese government has also been trying to resurrect a major trade deal with Brussels, the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment, that was nearly completed five years ago to American annoyance, announced just days before President Biden took office and despite his team’s warnings to wait. But the deal has since stalled. 中国政府也一直在试图让一项重大贸易协议——《中欧全面投资协定》起死回生。该协议在五年前近乎完成，欧盟在拜登总统就职前几天对外宣布了消息——尽管他的团队曾经警告欧盟不要急，这令美国感到恼火。但该交易此后陷入了僵局。 Resurrecting the deal seems unlikely, said Reinhard Bütikofer, one of five members of the European Parliament sanctioned by Beijing for their critical views of China after the Parliament imposed sanctions on China over the harsh treatment of Uighurs, a Muslim minority native to Xinjiang. China has been accused of crimes against humanity, which it denies, and put thousands of Uighurs into what it calls re-education camps. 赖因哈德·比蒂科费尔表示，重启该协议似乎不太可能；他是欧洲议会因对中国持批评态度而受到北京制裁的五名议员之一。此前，欧洲议会就中国残酷对待新疆穆斯林少数民族维吾尔人而对中国实施制裁。中国被指控犯有反人类罪，将数以千计的维族人投入所谓的再教育营。中国对此予以否认。 E.U. diplomats said that Mr. Fu recently suggested in private meetings that China might unilaterally lift those sanctions if Brussels would then move to complete the investment agreement, but consensus among officials is that such a move would be nearly impossible. 欧盟外交官表示，傅聪最近在私下会面时表示，如果布鲁塞尔随后采取行动完成投资协议，中国可能会单方面取消这些制裁，但官员们的共识是，这样做几乎是不可能的。 Some member states have criticized the string of European leaders’ visits to Beijing, with Latvia’s prime minister, Krisjanis Karins, saying it allowed China to “divide and rule.” 一些成员国批评了欧洲领导人对北京的一系列访问，拉脱维亚总理卡林斯称，这让中国实现“分而治之”。 But Mr. Macron on Friday defended his trip with Ms. von der Leyen. Speaking to reporters after an E.U. summit, he said he would “coordinate” with E.U. partners. “We have a European common view to engage China to the maximum,” he said, adding that the European Union spoke with a “united voice.” 但马克龙周五为自己与冯德莱恩的行程进行了辩护。他在欧盟峰会后对记者说，他将与欧盟伙伴“协调”。他说：“我们有一个欧洲的共同观点，那就是最大限度地与中国接触。”他还说，欧盟发出了“一致的声音”。 A united voice on China, however, is conspicuously absent. 然而，在中国问题上明显缺乏一致的声音。 驻欧盟大使傅聪称中欧是“维护世界和平的两大力量，促进共同发展的两大市场，推动人类进步的两大文明”。 NG HAN GUAN/ASSOCIATED PRESSMs. von der Leyen, for example, who heads up the E.U. executive branch and has worked closely with the Biden administration to draft sanctions against Russia and align policy, is seen as a China hawk. Besides the importance of trade with China, Mr. Macron is interested in a more rapid diplomatic end to the Ukraine war and has called on China to help. 例如，欧盟行政部门负责人冯德莱恩被视为对华鹰派。她曾与拜登政府密切合作，起草对俄罗斯的制裁草案，并调整政策。除了对华贸易的重要性之外，马克龙还希望通过外交途径更快地结束乌克兰战争，并呼吁中国提供帮助。 Ultimately, the string of E.U. visits to Beijing may yield little in either direction. Theresa Fallon, director of the Center for Russia Europe Asia Studies in Brussels, noted that the visits are predominantly economic in nature. 最终，欧盟对北京的一系列访问可能在两个方向上都不会产生什么效果。设在布鲁塞尔的俄罗斯欧亚研究中心主任特蕾莎·法伦指出，这些访问主要是出于经济目的。 But, she said, the visits by E.U. leaders to Beijing could benefit the Chinese government, too. In particular the addition of Ms. von der Leyen to Mr. Macron’s trip next week adds a European dimension, and the Chinese government might use her presence to show that Europe is coming around to the idea of Beijing as a potential mediator in Ukraine. 但她表示，欧盟领导人对北京的访问可能也会让中国政府受益。特别是，冯德莱恩加入马克龙下周的访问增加了欧洲的因素，中国政府可能会利用她的出现表明欧洲正在接受北京作为乌克兰问题潜在调解人的想法。 In general, Europe sees China’s vague peace proposals as pro-Russian and not a real basis for negotiations. But China matters so much economically that framing these trips as less trade than about the war, she said, is a form of “peacewashing.” 总的来说，欧洲认为中国含糊的和平提议是亲俄的，不是谈判的真正基础。但她表示，中国在经济上太重要了，把这些访问说成是为了结束战争，而不是为了贸易，这是一种“用和平来洗白”的方式。 时报欧洲首席外交记者，常驻布鲁塞尔。他此前曾在伦敦、巴黎、耶路撒冷、柏林、布拉格、莫斯科和曼谷等地进行报道。欢迎在Twitter上关注他：@StevenErlanger。 Matina Stevis-Gridneff是时报布鲁塞尔分社社长，负责报道欧盟。她此前曾报道东非，并曾为华尔街日报报道欧洲。欢迎在Twitter上关注她：@MatinaStevis。 翻译：纽约时报中文网 点击查看本文英文版。 相关报道中国发布乌克兰战争立场文件2023年2月27日 “和平使者”习近平？美欧持怀疑态度2023年3月20日 乌克兰战争阴影下，欧洲已永久改变2023年3月2日 中国试图修复中欧关系但面临难题2023年2月22日 中国“通往欧洲的门户”逐步收窄2023年2月15日 最受欢迎金刻羽：美国真的能理解中国吗？ 阿里巴巴将分拆为六个业务集团，均可独立融资上市 深陷债务泥潭的中国地方政府为何仍大兴基建？ 台湾前总统马英九历史性访问中国大陆 FTX创始人被控向中国官员行贿4000万美元 TikTok上什么最火？为周受资说话 中国副总理何立峰：主管经济的习近平忠诚追随者 从“中国制造”到“美国制造” 为什么“中国金融末日”没有成为现实 谎言、争吵和欺诈：乌克兰战争中不光彩的美国志愿者 国际 中国 商业与经济 镜头 科技 科学 健康 教育 文化 风尚 旅游 房地产 观点与评论 免费下载 纽约时报中文网 iOS 和 Android App 点击下载iOS App点击下载Android App点击下载Android APK © 2023 The New York Times Company.